FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE- Biology I

FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE- Biology I

Spring 2014

Name: ______

The second semester final exam is a cumulative exam that will test your knowledge on ALL material covered second semester. This review guide should be completed before the exam as a MINIMUM requirement. It is also suggested that all notes, worksheets, quizzes, and study guides are reviewed as well! Use a separate sheet to compete the questions in full detail.

Units Covered

-  Diffusion & Osmosis

-  Cells

-  DNA / RNA

-  Biotechnology

-  Mitosis & meiosis

-  Genetics

Diffusion and Osmosis

VOCAB – Diffusion, osmosis, passive transport, active transport, facilitative diffusion, solute, solvent, semi-permeable membrane, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, concentration, equilibrium

1.  What is required in active transport that is not necessary in passive transport?

2.  Is facilitative diffusion considered active or passive transport? What is necessary for substances to pass through a membrane in facilitative diffusion?

3.  If you put a gummy bear in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to the gummy bear, why?

4.  What is an example of a solute? Solvent?

5.  When placing an egg in salt water, the salt is too large of a molecule to pass through the egg, what WILL pass through? What is this process called?

6.  Particles will always move from a ______concentration to a ______concentration to reach equilibrium.

7.  Draw arrows to show the direction of water movement in the picture below.

Solution:______

What will happen to cell:______

8.  Why might a cell need active transport to occur?

9.  What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Cells

VOCAB: nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole

Cell membrane à hydrophobic, hydrophilic, fatty acid tail, phosphate head, polar, nonpolar

10.  How is the cell membrane related to the different types of diffusion/osmosis?

11.  How does the cell membrane differ from a cell wall?

12.  Which organelle is responsible for making energy in the cell?

13.  Which organelle is responsible for storing water and ions?

14.  Which organelle is responsible for housing the DNA?

15.  Label the cell membrane. Include all vocab listed above under the cell membrane category.

DNA/RNA

VOCAB: Rosalind Franklin, Watson & Crick, Deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleotide, purine, pyrimidine, thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine, helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA replication

RNAà ribonucleic acid, uracil, protein synthesis, transcription, translation, codon, anticodon, ribosome, amino acid, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

16.  Where is the DNA in eukaryotic cells located?

17.  What does DNA stand for?

18.  What is a nucleotide made of?

19.  The template strand of a DNA strand is ATAAGCATGCCTGC, what is the complementary strand?

20.  Explain the overall shape and structure of a DNA molecule.

21.  Regarding DNA, what makes individual organisms unique?

22.  Adenine binds to ______with ___ hydrogen bonds, Guanine bonds to ______with ___ hydrogen bonds.

23.  Name three differences and three similarities between DNA and RNA.

24.  Fill in the complimentary nitrogenous bases in the picture below.

25.  Explain the process illustrated below. Label the DNA strand and the RNA strand. How do you know which is which?

26.  What are the three different types of RNA?

27.  What is transcription? Where does it take place in the cell?

28.  What is translation? Where does it take place in the cell?

29.  Using the sequence: ATAAGCATGCCTGC, transcribe the DNA to mRNA.

30.  Using the new transcribed strand from question 26, translate the mRNA to amino acids.

31.  What is the significance of converting the DNA code into an mRNA code? Why does this have to happen?

32.  What are the building blocks of proteins called?

33.  What is the difference between codons and anticodons?

34.  What is a mutation? What are some examples of how mutations can affect a DNA sequence?

Biotechnology

VOCAB: gel electrophoresis, restriction enzyme, sticky ends,

DNA fragments, vector, stem cells, plasmid, genetically modified organism

35.  How can you determine the size of a DNA fragment?

36.  What is DNA fingerprinting? What is this process used for?

37.  What is a gene?

38.  How can bacterial DNA be used carry out functions of human genes?

39.  What is the difference between an embryonic stem cell and an adult stem cell? Which of the two is limited in what type of cell it can become?

40.  Understand how to read/compare gel electrophoresis gels. How would you use them to convict a suspect? How would you use them to prove paternity?

41.  What do the bands on a gel electrophoresis gel represent?

42.  What is a sticky end?

43.  What is a GMO? What does GMO stand for and who does it actually mean?

44.  Name one reason GMOs are harmful to our society today.

45.  Name one reason GMOs are helpful to our society today.

Mitosis/ Meiosis

VOCAB: Interphase, G1, S, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis, mitosis, chromatin, chromosomes, sister chromatids, centromere, telomere, spindle fibers, diploid, haploid, meiosis, crossing over, homologous pair, karyotype, gametes, somatic cells, sex chromosomes, cancer, malignant tumor, benign tumor, carcinogen

46.  What happens in each specific part of interphase?

47.  List the phases of mitosis in order. Explain what happens in each phase.

48.  At the end of mitosis, what is the product? How many cells are produced? How do they compare to the parent cell?

49.  List 3 similarities and 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis.

50.  When does crossing over take place?

51.  At the end of meiosis, what is the product? How many cells are produced? How do they compare to the parent cell?

52.  What are common treatments for cancer?

53.  In a homologous pair, where does each chromosome come from?

54.  Know the difference between the stages of mitosis and the stages of meiosis.

55.  Know the different parts of a chromosome.

Genetics

VOCAB: Allele, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance, codominance, Punnett square, sex-linked trait, pedigree

56.  Who is known as the “father of genetics?”

51. What plants did he study? Why?

52. What is an allele?

53. Define the following: homozygous, heterozygous, pure, hybrid, dominant, recessive, heredity, genetics, trait.

54. What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype?

55. Practice problems from your worksheets for the following types of crosses: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, and blood typing.

56. What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance? How are these crosses written differently?

57. What is a pedigree? Study example problems of these from past worksheets.

58. What is a carrier?

59. How do the sex chromosomes for males and females differ?

60. Sex linked traits occur more commonly in whom? Why?

61. A man who has a recessive, sex linked disorder must have inherited it from whom? Why?

62. Which blood type is the universal receiver? Donor?

63. A man who is homozygous for blue eyes marries a women who is heterozygous for brown eyes. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of their offspring?

64. Black fur is dominant to white fur in Cocker Spaniel dogs, however a heterozygous genotype produces tan colored Cocker Spaniel puppies. If a tan male Cocker Spaniel dog mates with a white colored female. What will their offspring look like?

65. A mother has blood type O and the father is heterozygous for type A blood. What are the possible blood types of their offspring?

66. In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over white eyes. This gene is X-linked. What kind of female offspring will result from the cross of a white eyed female and a red eyed male?