Final Exam Review Fall Semester with Possible Answers
Unit01
● What geographic regions is Texas divided into?
● What is characteristic of the physical geography of the regions of Texas?
● Where are most cities in Texas located?
● Where are most rivers in Texas located?
● What physical geographic features help to define the borders of Texas?
● What American Indian groups were the first to inhabit Texas?
● How did the physical geography of Texas impact the lifestyle of American Indian groups in Texas?
Unit 03
● What motivated Spanish explorers to want to travel to Texas?
● What impact did the expeditions of Pineda and Cabeza de Vaca have on the exploration of Texas?
● What was characteristic of the contact between explorers and American Indians in Texas?
● Why did the Spanish eventually lose interest in further exploring Texas?
● What happened to La Salle’s expedition?
● How did the Spanish government respond to reports of French exploration of Texas?
● How did physical geography impact the building of missions and presidios in Texas?
● Why did the Spanish adopt the process of building missions and presidios?
● Who were the major leaders of the mission-presidio building process?
● What was life in a mission like?
● Why did the Spanish decide to close most of the missions and presidios in Texas?
● What changes in Texas resulted from the building of missions and presidios?
● What lasting legacy is seen in Texas because of Spanish colonization of the region?
Unit 04
● How did Spanish officials respond to filibusters making claims to land in East Texas?
● Why were Spanish officials worried about the United States claiming territory in Texas?
● What was significant about the Adams-Onís Treaty?
● How did class divisions among the Spanish contribute to social unrest and calls for independence?
● What caused leaders in Mexico to fight for independence from Spain?
● What issues were most important to leaders in Mexico after gaining independence from Spain?
● How did the Constitution of 1824 affect settlement of Texas?
● Why did the Mexican government pass colonization laws for Texas?
● What responsibilities did empresarios and immigrants have?
● What was life in the Austin colony like?
● Why should Stephen F. Austin be considered the “Father of Texas”?
● Where were most of the empresarios in Texas from?
● What was characteristic of settlement patterns in Texas during the 1820s-1830s?
● How did the settlers in Texas change the culture of Texas?
● How did differing views about government and slavery led to tensions in Texas?
Unit 05
● Why did the actions of Haden Edwards upset Mexican officials?
● How did Mexican officials react to the Mier y Terán report?
● What policies were enacted by Mexican officials to gain control over Texas?
● What events led to the writing of the Turtle Bayou Resolutions?
● Why were Texans supportive of Santa Anna in the civil war in Mexico?
● Why did Texans hold the Convention of 1833 and what resulted from the meeting?
● What resulted from Austin’s meeting with Santa Anna?
● What actions led Texans to withdraw their support of Santa Anna and begin to prepare for a revolt?
● Why did fighting start in Gonzales and what resulted from the fighting?
● What was the outcome of the Consultation that met in the fall of 1835?
● What actions were taken by the delegates at the Convention of 1836?
● What was characteristic of the constitution Texans wrote in March of 1836?
● Why did Travis write his letter from the Alamo?
● What Texans were able to escape from the Alamo and what Texans gave their lives at the Alamo?
● Why were the Texans defeated at the Alamo and what effect did the loss have on Texans?
● How did Sam Houston react to the defeat at the Alamo?
● How did the Battle of Goliad help to build support for the Texas Revolution?
● How did settlers in Texas react to the news of Goliad Massacre?
● How did Sam Houston prepare his army for battle with Santa Anna’s troops?
● What factors account for the victory of Sam Houston’s troops?
● What terms did Santa Anna agree to in the Treaties of Velasco?
Unit 06
● What policy goals did Houston have?
● Why were the Texas Rangers formed?
● What was characteristic of the Republic’s relationships with American Indian groups and Mexico?
● How was the issue of slavery handled in the Republic of Texas?
● What policies were advocated by Lamar?
● Why did Lamar oppose Texas’ annexation to the United States?
● How successful were leaders at addressing the financial issues facing the Republic of Texas?
● What events led many in Texas to support annexation to the United States?
● What measures did Anson Jones take to secure the annexation of Texas to the United States?
● Why were some Americans opposed to the annexation of Texas?
● Why did Texas eventually join the United States?
● What events led the United States and Mexico to war?
● What was the outcome of the war?
● Why was the Compromise of 1850 passed?
● How was the money Texas received in the Compromise of 1850 used by leaders in Texas?
● What accounts for the large number of immigrants who came to Texas in the early and mid1800s?
● What immigrant groups came to Texas in the early and mid1800s and where did they settle?
● What influences are still seen in Texas today because of immigration in the 1800s?
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Unit 01
● What geographic regions is Texas divided into?
● What is characteristic of the physical geography of the regions of Texas?
● Where are most cities in Texas located?
● Where are most rivers in Texas located?
● What physical geographic features help to define the borders of Texas?
● What American Indian groups were the first to inhabit Texas?
● How did the physical geography of Texas impact the lifestyle of American Indian groups in Texas?
MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS HISTORY
● Natural Texas and Its People
○ Coastal Plains – Karankawas, Coahuiltecans, Atakapans
○ Southeastern – Caddoes, Wichitas
○ Plains – Comanches, Apaches
○ Pueblos – Jumanos, Tiguas
● Historians divide the past into eras in order to examine how political, economic, geographic and social patterns change over time.
● Gulf Coast – nomadic and hunters/gatherers
○ Karankawa – Southeast, used dugout canoes to fish and hunt small animals. Cabeza de Vaca wrote about Karankawas.
○ Coalhuiltecan – South Texas, ate bugs and small animals
○ Atakapan – hunted small animals and fished in dugout canoes, some farming
● Plains – nomadic, dependent on the buffalo, and were fierce warriors
○ Comanche – used every part of the buffalo, lived in tipis, domesticated animals before horses were introduced to the area by the Europeans
○ Apache – used buffalo hide as protection from the harsh landscape. For part of the year lived in farming communities along rivers and streams called rancherias.
○ Kiowa – recorded oral histories on their tipis, made beautiful crafts, developed a calendar, and were the most-feared group on the plains
● Puebloan – sedentary, farmers, and lived in houses made of adobe
○ Jumano – farmed, hunted, traded, and lived in painted adobe homes
○ Tigua – known for their beautiful pottery
● Southeastern Texas – sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systems
○ Caddo – built dome shaped huts, organized government system led by a chief, women played important roles, greeted Europeans with the word Tejas, which means friends
○ Wichita – hunted buffalos, grew crops, and known for the tattoos around their eyes known as “raccoon eyes”
● Regions
○ Mountains and Basins
○ Great Plains
○ North Central Plains
○ Coastal Plains
● Cities
○ 19th Century
● San Antonio
● El Paso
● Goliad
● San Felipe de Austin
● Galveston
● Houston
● Brownsville
● Victoria
○ 20th century and 21st century
● Austin
● San Antonio
● Houston
● Ft. Worth
● Dallas
● El Paso
● Brownsville
● Lubbock
● Amarillo
● Midland
● Odessa
● Rivers
○ Sabine
○ Red
○ Rio Grande
○ Nueces
○ Neches
○ Trinity
○ Brazos
○ Colorado
○ Guadalupe
○ San Antonio
○ Pecos
○ Canadian
● Natural and historic landmarks
○ Llano Estacado (natural)
○ Balcones Escarpment (natural)
○ Palo Duro Canyon (natural)
○ Alamo (historic)
○ San Jacinto (historic)
○ Capitol Building (historic)
● Political and cultural regions
○ Dallas/Ft. Worth Metro (political)
○ Houston Metro (political)
○ Austin/San Antonio Corridor (political)
○ African-Americans – East/Southeast Texas (cultural)
○ Mexican Americans/Tejanos – South Texas (cultural)
○ Cowboys – West Texas (cultural)
● Local points of interest
○ Big Bend National Park
○ Padre National Seashore
○ San Antonio Missions National Historical Landmark
○ Big Thicket National Preserve
○ Local areas
● Region – a spatial area of the Earth’s surface that is defined by common properties
● Physical and human characteristics – physical characteristics of places include landforms and soils, bodies and sources of water, vegetation, climate, weather patterns, and animal life. Human characteristics of places include the language, religion, political systems, economic systems, population distribution, ethnicity, age, and standards of living.
● Coastal Plains
○ Physical characteristics
● Plains, desert, hills, Balcones Escarpment
● All rivers flow through this region
● Wrong way rivers that take water from driest part of state to the wettest part of the state
● Climate – mild
○ Human Characteristics
● Highway systems
● Location of most major cities
● Industries – timber, agriculture, oil and gas, technology, industry, education
● Dams
● Fishing, tourism, intra-coastal waterway
● North Central Plains
○ Physical characteristics
● Rolling prairies, a few rivers
● Climate – hot short summer, cool to cold winters
○ Human characteristics
● Industries – agriculture, manufacturing, military defense
● Great Plains
○ Physical characteristics
● Canyons, escarpments, plains, aquifers, plateaus
○ Climate – hot summers, cold winters
○ Human characteristics
● Irrigation
● Industries – ranching and agriculture
● Wind farms
● Dams – Amistad
● Oil/gas and ranching
● Mountains and Basins
○ Physical characteristics
● River, deserts
● Climate – hot days, cold nights, hot short summers, cold winters
○ Human characteristics
● Industries – cattle, sheep and goat ranching
● Big Bend National Park
● Dams
Unit 03
● What motivated Spanish explorers to want to travel to Texas?
● What impact did the expeditions of Pineda and Cabeza de Vaca have on the exploration of Texas?
● What was characteristic of the contact between explorers and American Indians in Texas?
● Why did the Spanish eventually lose interest in further exploring Texas?
● What happened to La Salle’s expedition?
● How did the Spanish government respond to reports of French exploration of Texas?
● How did physical geography impact the building of missions and presidios in Texas?
● Why did the Spanish adopt the process of building missions and presidios?
● Who were the major leaders of the mission-presidio building process?
● What was life in a mission like?
● Why did the Spanish decide to close most of the missions and presidios in Texas?
● What changes in Texas resulted from the building of missions and presidios?
● What lasting legacy is seen in Texas because of Spanish colonization of the region?
● Age of Contact
○ Spanish exploration
○ French exploration
○ Cabeza De Vaca
○ LaSalle
○ Fort St. Louis
○ Pineda mapping Texas
○ Spanish conquistador
● Spanish Colonial
○ Roman Catholic religion
○ Missions and Presidios
○ Canary Islanders
○ Founding of San Antonio
○ Camino Reale
● Age of Contact – Examples of dates that can be used to identify absolute and relative chronology for this era include:
○ 1519 – Pineda maps Texas
○ 1537 – Cabeza de Vaca reports on Texas
○ 1685 – LaSalle establishes Fort St. Louis
● Examples of events during the Spanish Colonial period that could be used:
○ 1682 – Spaniards establish the first Texas mission at Corpus Christi de la Ysleta
○ 1731 – East Texas missions are moved to San Antonio
○ 1718 – Founding of San Antonio
○ 1782 – Mission San Jose is completed in San Antonio and other missions are built
○ 1810 – Father Hidalgo’s speech encourages Mexicans, Texans, and others to fight for independence
● 1519 – mapping of the Texas coast by Pineda and first mainland Spanish settlement (This settlement is located in New Spain not specifically Texas.)
● 1718 – founding of San Antonio
● Alonso Álvarez de Pineda was the first explorer to map the coast of Texas.
● Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his writings – arrived in Texas on an expedition with Pánfilo de Narváez, shipwrecked and captured by American Indians, ended up traveling across Texas, and was the first person to write about, and report about Texas.
● The search for gold
○ Stories about the riches and limitless gold in the Seven Cities of Cibola supposedly located north of New Spain inspired Spanish led expeditions into Texas.
○ Cabeza de Vaca’s book, La Relación, inspired others such as Marcos de Niza to continue the search for Cibola. Niza abandoned his search after enslaved guide Estevanico was killed while scouting for the Niza expedition.
○ Other expeditions to find gold were led by Spanish explorers, including Coronado and De Soto in Texas and Juan de Oñate who settled in New Mexico.
● The conflicting territorial claims between France and Spain
○ Disappointment in not finding the reported cities of gold and riches in Texas, Spanish exploration of the region had pretty much ended by the late 1500’s. When French explorer La Salle established Fort St. Louis in Texas, Spanish interest in the region was renewed.