NAME ______PERIOD ______DATE ______
FINAL EXAM REVIEW (86)
- A student designed an experiment to study how temperature affects the rate at which enzymes digest protein. She put equal masses of liver into four equal-sized test tubes, brought the test tubes to different temperatures, introduced equal amounts of enzyme into each tube and measured the duration of the chemical reaction. What factors were held constant in the experiment?
Liver, test tubes, enzyme
- A student hypothesized that robins prefer large bird houses to small ones. He built four bird houses of different sizes to test his hypothesis. What was the independent variable in the student’s study?
Size of bird house
Base your answers to the following questions on the information and diagrams below.
Saltwater plants of the same species were grown in soil in separate containers with 1 liter of water. All of the plants were the same height at the beginning of the experiment. Different amounts of salt were dissolved in each container as shown in the diagrams. All other conditions were held constant. Measurements for the final height of each plant are provided.
3. What is the problem or testable statement for this experiment?
Will the amount of salt affect the growth of the plant?
4. Write a possible hypothesis for this experiment.
If the amount of salt is increased then the plant height will increase.
5. What is the dependent variable for this experiment?
Height of plants
6. What is the control for this experiment?
O grams of salt
7. Define atom.
Smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element
8. What is the difference between an element, a compound and a mixture? Give an example of
each.
Element – a substance composed of a single type of atom
Compound – a substance in which two or more elements are chemically joined
Mixture – a substance in which two or more are mixed together physically
USE THE PERIODIC TABLE TO ANSWER QUESTION #9
9. Which element has 13 protons, 14 neutrons and 13 electrons? _____Aluminum______
10. Given a periodic table:
How do you find the number of protons in an element?Use the atomic number
How do you find the number of neutrons?Atomic mass (round off) minus atomic number
How do you find the number of electrons?Atomic number
11. The unit used to express liquid volume.
______cm______12. The unit used to express length.
______g/cm3______13. The unit used to express density.
______g______14. The unit used to express mass.
______ml______14A The unit used to express volume.
15. Which instrument is used to calculate:
______balance______Mass of an object
______graduated cylinder______Volume of a liquid
______metric ruler______Length of an object
16. water displacementis how to find the volume of an irregularly-
shaped object. (Hint: putting it in a graduated cylinder and measuring the difference.)
17. Find the volume of the object using the graduated cylinders below.
Final Volume = ____49ml______
Initial volume = ____33ml______
Volume of object = _____16ml______
18. Using the picture, the mass of the object is _____30g______
19. Given the mass from Q. #17 and the volume of the object from Q. #16, what is the density of the object? D=M/V D= 30g/16ml D= 1.88g.ml
20. Compare and contrast the 3 states of matter. Include information about each one’s shape,
volume, the arrangement and motion of particles.
Solid –definite shape, definite volume, vibrate in place, less energetic
Liquid – no definite shape, definite volume, molecules begin to move, more energetic
Gag – no definite shape or volume, molecules moving very fast, most energetic
21. Convert 2.37 grams to:
kilograms ______.00237kg_ centigrams _237cg_____ milligrams ______2370mg______
22.Below are examples of physical and chemical changes. Place a Letter P next to the physical
changes, and a Letter C next to the chemical changes.
__C_ rusting metal ___P_ripping paper __C_burning wood __P_water freezing
__P_____ salt dissolving in water ___C____ mixing 2 liquids and a gas evolves.
23. Defineconduction, convection, radiationand give an example of each.
Conduction – heat transfer by direct contact
Convection – heat transfer by movement of a fluid (warm air rises and cool air sinks)
Radiation – heat transfer by electromagnetic waves (can travel through empty space)
24. Using a colored pen/pencil, draw arrows to show how smoke would
move if a lit punk was placed in tube A.
25. Why does the air flow in this direction?Cool air sinks
A B
25. Define: renewable resource – a resource that can be regenerated in your life time (ex. Solar, wind, etc.)
non-renewable resource –a resource that cannot be regenerated in your lifetime.
26. How are rocks and minerals similar? How are they different?
Similar – naturally occurring, solid
Different – not all rocks are inorganic, don’t have a definite crystal shape or chemical composition
27. Define:
Igneous rock - formed from molten rock
Sedimentary rock - formed by weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction and cementation
Metamorphic rock - formed for existing rock under intense temperature and pressure
28. What is the relationship between cooling rate and crystal size in an igneous rock?
The fast a mineral cools the smaller the crystal size
29. Name and describe the 5 agents of physical weathering.
Wind, running water, abrasion, ice, glaciers, etc.
30. Number the following in order from the most permeable (#1) to the least permeable (#4).
silt/mud __4____ coarse sand ___2____ gravel ____1_____ fine sand __3___
31. How are continental crust and oceanic crust different? How does this affect the outcome
(features formed)when they collide?
Continental crust is made from less dense granite
Oceanic crust is made from more dense basalt
32. How did scientists get information about the interior of the Earth?Seismic waves
33. Describe the evidence Wegener used to support the Theory of Continental Drift. What
evidence was he lacking to help prove his theory?
Evidence: rocks, fossils, climate, shape of continents
Could not find the mechanism for how the continents moved
34. Define the three types of stress and identify the type of fault they create and which boundary
they are associated with.
- Shearing, convergent
- Tension, divergent
- Compression, convergent
35. According to the theory of sea-floor spreading, where on the ocean floor are the youngest and
oldest rocks found?
Youngest rocks found near the mid-ocean ridge.
36. If the difference in arrival times of the P and S waves is far apart, what is true about the
distance to the epicenter? * Know how to read the chart on page 161 P and S waves and
distance to epicenter.
The closer the P and S waves are the closer the epicenter is.
37. Where are most earthquakes and volcanoes found?
Along plate boundaries
38. Define a hot spot volcano.A volcano that is found in the middle of a plate.
39. How do temperature, gases and silica affect the viscosity of lava and how a volcano will erupt?
The higher the amount of gas and silica the more violent the eruption.
40. Describe the difference between a shield, cinder cone and composite volcano.
Shield – gently sloping sides, thin runny lava, wide base, quiet eruptions
Cinder – smaller, steep sides, made from cinders, explosive
Composite – largest volcano, alternates explosive and quiet, huge with steep sides
41. What are the four main layers of the atmosphere and what determines where one layer ends
and another begins?
Temperature determines where the layers begin and end.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Ionosphere
Exosphere
42. What happens to air pressure as you go from the surface of the Earth upward through the
atmosphere?
Air pressure decreases as you move up in the atmosphere because there is less gravitational pull.
43. What is air pressure and how do you measure it?
Air pressure is the force of air on the surface and you measure it with a barometer.
44. In what ways does burning fossil fuels negatively affect the Earth’s energy budget?
Burning fossil fuels can add greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This could increase the world’s temperature.
45. List and describe the four air masses that affect the United States in terms of temperature
and humidity.
- Mp – maritime polar, cold moist air
- Mt – maritime tropical, warm moist air
- Cp – continental polar, dry cold air
- Ct – continental tropical, dry warm air
46. Which wind belt moves weather across the United States? Prevailing Westerlies and sometimes the jet stream
47. The deflection of the winds due to the Earth’s rotation is called : Coriolis Effect
48. As the wet and dry bulb temperatures get closer together, what happens to relative humidity?
As the two temperatures get closer together the humidity rises.
49. How do clouds form?Warm moist air rises, reaches the dew point and condenses on solid nuclei in the air.
50. Name the cloud that is:
high in altitude and made of ice crystals ______Cirrus______
puffy ______Cumulus______
layered and produces drizzle ______stratus/nimbostratus______
a storm cloud ______Cumulonimbus______
51. How do greenhouse gases affect the Earth’s temperature?
Greenhouse gases absorb more heat and make the Earth’s temperature rise.
52. What kind of weather is associated with a low pressure system? Cloudy, rainy, stormy
53.What kind of weather is associated with a high pressure system? Fair, clear
54. What kind of weather follows a cold front?Cooler, dry air
55.What kind of weather follows a warm front? Warmer ,humidai
56.Define:
isobar–equal lines of pressure
isotherm–equal lines of temperature
57. Draw a station model: *refer to key on page 214 in Module F Earth’s Weather & Atmosphere
book.
Air pressure 29.2 inchesOvercast/cloudy skies
Air temperature 65° F.3 inches of precipitation
Dew point temperature 56° FWind speed: 14 mph
Wind direction: southwest
58. How does the tilt of the Earth’s axis and revolution affect seasons?
The tilt of the axis allows the earth to receive direct and indirect rays of the sun. As the earth revolves around the sun the tilt remains the same but also allows direct and indirect rays of the sun.
59. During a lunar eclipse, the moon is in the ______full moon______phase.
During a solar eclipse, the moon is in the ______new moon______phase.
60. Which 2 positions would the moon be in during a Spring tide? ___A____ & ___C____
Neap tide? ___B___ & ___D___
61. As the moon moves from position C to position A, the amount of light on the
moon’s surface ______decreases______.
62. As the moon moves from position A back to position C, the amount of light on the
moon’s surface ______increases______.
63. What two factors keep the planets in orbit around the sun?
Gravity and inertia
64. The spinning of the Earth on its axis is called ______rotation______.
65. The Earth travelling once around the Sun is called ______revolution______.
66. The moon goes through phases because of its ______rotation______baround the Earth.
67. Night and day are caused by the Earth’s ______rotation______.
68. Using the H-R Diagram:
Where are the brightest, hottest stars?Top left
Where are the coolest, dimmest stars?Bottom right
Compare Rigel to Sirius B.
69. A star the size of the sun will become a ______white dwarf___ when it dies.
70. A massive star will become either a ______neutron star______or
______black hole______at the end of its life cycle.
Type X / Type Y / Type Z71. Which galaxy is: ___z____ irregular ___x____ spiral ____y____ elliptical
72 Compare the inner planets with the outer planets.
73. How does distance from the sun affect a planet’s orbital period?
The farther from the sun the longer the orbital period
74. What is red shift and how does it support the Big Bang Theory?
Red shift means that the stars are moving away from some central location. This is used as
evidence for the big bang. The central location is where the big bang occurred.
75. What is the difference between a meteoroid, meteor and meteorite?
Oid – rock in space
Or- rock in our atmosphere
Ite – rock that hit the suface