Final Exam Outline Second Semester 2013BiologyMs. Bestgen
Genetics
DNA/RNA- structure – specific difference between
-Chromosomes- autosomal (#1-22), sex-linked (#23)
DNA- replication and Protein Synthesis -- transcription and translation
- know what occurs in each process and nucleic acids involved
Difference between DNA and chromosomal mutations (review types of mutations)
Chromosomal Mutations – nondisjuction, inversion, deletion and translocation
Gene Mutations – point mutations – substitution, deletion -- frameshift
DNA technology – recombinant DNA, ligation, electrophoresis, etc.
Evolution
Origins of life theorists – biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation – Redi, Spallanzani, Pasteur
Specific theories of Lamarck (use and disuse acquired traits), Darwin, de Vries
-be able to apply them to a given situation
What is natural selection?
Mass extinction and Time Periods
Genetic Drift Founder versus Bottleneck effect
Genetic Equilibrium – Hardy Weinberg Equation and 5 factors that are essential for HW Equilibrium
Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation --- be able to recognize examples of each
Geographic Isolation and Types of Reproductive Isolation
Evidence for evolution – explain types and why they are considered evidence
-Fossils – 2 types -- trace and remains
-Comparative anatomy
-homologous structures – i.e. bat wing and human arm
-analogous structures – i.e. bird wing and butterfly wing
-vestigial structures – i.e. ear muscles, tail bone (coccyx), appendix
-Comparative embryology -- gill slits and tails
- Pangaea
- molecular similarities -- DNA – cladogram activity
Ecology
Cycles – carbon, nitrogen, and water – be able to diagram
-ways in which organism gives these substances to the environment and the environment gives these substances back to an organism
-difference between nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification
Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
Define population
Difference between exponential and logistic growth – recognize and know component of each
Define carrying capacity of a population and when it is reached
Define density dependent and independent factors – recognize examples of each
Difference between immigration and emigration
Define and give examples of autotroph (producer) and heterotrophs (consumers); herbivore and carnivore
Difference between a food web and a food chain
Define how energy is transferred in an ecosystem
Trophic levels (energy pyramid) in an ecosystem – be able to recognize examples of each
Difference between biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community and population – levels of organization
Nervous System – CNS and PNS
CNS -- central nervous system -- brain and spinal cord
PNS -- peripheral nervous system (nerves of body)
Neuron -- what is it? Function of it -- explain the purpose of the following: be able to label:
- cell body, dendrite, axon, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter
- synapse -- what is it?
- neurotransmitters
- sensory, motor, and inter neurons and their functions
Interaction with the Endocrine System -- i.e. pancreas releases insulin – regulates blood sugar level
Digestive System- (be able to label organs)
Identify and explain functions of the following structures:
-mouth and enzymes (polysaccharide to disaccharide)- stomach
-epiglottis- small intestine - rectum- liver
-esophagus- pancreas- large intestine- gall bladder
Respiratory System
Function of it – where gas exchange occurs -- how it occurs in alveoli and body cells
Structures -- larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, capillaries, alveoli
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide and how they move in and out of the alveoli
Circulatory System
Blood vessels -- arteries, capillaries, veins -- know functions of each and their relationship to the heart
All anatomical structures of the heart – how blood flows through the heart
Heart -- Right side -- deoxygenated blood, Left side -- oxygenated blood
Blood -- function of the following: RBC -- carry oxygen (hemoglobin)
WBC -- fight infection -- T-cell (HIV) & B-cells (antibodies)
Platelets -- blood clotting
How this system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide – direction of gas exchange in cell and alveoli
Bacteria vs. Viruses
Bacteria – Type of organism, components of organism. How infections treated? Replication - Binary fission
Viruses -- What are they? Components of their structure. How they replicate?
Immune System (this information is from computer lab activity, textbook, handouts and notes)
What type of cells make antibodies?
What type of cells are effected by HIV?
What type of WBC surrounds, ingests, and destroys invading bacteria?
What are antigens?
STD and HIV info
REVIEW ALL PREVIOUS QUIZZES, ACTIVITIES, AND HANDOUTS
Frog Dissections
Review diagrams, ALL handouts, virtual lab and quizzes – there are many questions about specific systems
Extra Credit Folders are due on the day of the final Wednesday June 12th.