Isms
Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radicalauthoritariannationalism[1][2] that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated inItaly during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4]
Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.[5][6]
Fascists view World War I as having made liberal democracy obsolete, and regard total mobilization of society under a totalitarianone-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties.[7] Such a state is led by a strong leader — such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party — to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society.[7] Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation.[8][9][10][11] Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.[12]
Nazism is considered to be one form of fascism. Though both Nazism and fascism reject the ideologies of liberalism, Marxism and democracy, these two are different in many aspects. It is hard to make a perfect differentiation between the two.
Nazism and Fascism have their origin in the 20th century. While fascism was in vogue between 1919 and 1945, Nazism became popular from 1933 to 1945.
Fascism is a term that was originally referred to the fascists of Italy under Mussolini. Nazism on the other hand, referred as National Socialism, is in an ideological concept of the Nazi Party or the National Socialist German Workers’ Party of Adolf Hitler.
Fascism believes in the ‘corporatism’ of all elements in society to form an ‘Organic State’. They were not racial and had no strong opinion of any race. For Fascists, the state was the most important element. The Doctrine of Fascism, which is the authoritative document of the fascism, emphasis on nationalism, corporatism, totalitarianism and militarism. According to this Doctrine the State is all embracing and no human or spiritual value exists beyond it.
But Nazism emphasized on racism. While fascism considered state as important, Nazism considered ‘Aryanism’ as more important. The Nazism doctrine believed in the superiority of the Aryan race.
While fascism was based on certain political ideology, Nazism was blindly based on racial hatred.
Nazism considered class based society as enemy and stood for unifying the racial element. But fascism wanted to preserve the class system. The fascists almost accepted the concept of social mobility, while Nazism was against it.
Nazism considered state as a means for the advancement of the master race. But fascism considered state to be a form of nationalism. Fascists considered nationalism as something related to national culture as opposed to other cultures.
Coming to the etymology, fascist comes from fascio, an Italiam word, meaning a union of bundle. Nazi comes from the first two syllables of Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, which is the German language name of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
Summary
1.Fascism is a term that was originally referred to the fascists of Italy under Mussolini. Nazism on the other hand, referred as National Socialism, is in an ideological concept of the Nazi Party.
2.For Fascists, the state was the most important element. But Nazism emphasized on racism.
3.While fascism considered state as important, Nazism considered ‘Aryanism’ as more important.
Communism is an attempt to divide all wealth evenly, allowing workers to share in the wealth they created by making things. This system was proposed by Karl Marx. In the mid 1800’s, Karl Marx, a German philosopher looked at the effects of the industrial revolution in Europe. Karl Marx was born in 1820 in Prussia (modern day Germany). Marx later moved to France but he was exiled (forced to leave). He then went to London where he spent the rest of his life researching and writing. People were not doing what Smith said they should do. The factory owners, who were known as the bourgeoisie, did not pay a fair wage and help the poor. Workers were working extremely long hours often in unsafe situations. They were paid wages which kept them poor. Children were working long hours as well. Living conditions for the workers were very poor- crowded and dirty housing, little food, poor clothing. Life expectancies were low. On the other hand, the factory owners were becoming very wealthy. Marx said that their wealth was actually being created by the workers. He urged workers,whom he called the proletariat, to unite and take over the factories. They were to divide the wealth evenly among everyone. He realized that this could only happen through violent revolution so he encouraged revolution. He believed that the system of capitalism was evil and that government would have to be overthrown and a new socialist government put in its place. The new government would own all land and businesses and set prices. There would be no private ownership. This is called a command economy because the government controls the entire economy and makes all of the economic decisions. Socialism is an example of this type of economic system. Communist countries are based upon a socialist economic system.
Wealth, land, and businesses were forcefully taken from the rich. Many of them were imprisoned or killed. These were the ones who had invested their money and taken risks to build businesses. They had the know how to build industry. The government sought to pay everyone equally regardless of output. The hard worker and the lazy one would be paid the same. There were no incentives to work harder to get ahead. Production often dropped as a result, and the quality of products lessened. The wealth soon became centered in the hands of the Communist Party leaders. There were often shortages of food and goods. No political opposition was allowed as they believed the Communist system was Religion was seen as a crutch that taught the poor to accept their condition in life, Communist systems sought to do away with religious beliefs. The Communist System replaced religion. No one could question its truth. It was seen as the perfect system, and all non-believers in that system were eliminated.
You can have a socialist system that is not a dictatorship. It can come about democratically without violent revolution. These countries, many in Europe, control major industries, but not all. There is private land ownership. These systems provide total free healthcare and education. Taxes are very high to pay for these services.