Expanded REFERENCE LIST

Expanded REFERENCE LIST
“Restoring the Original Paradigm for Infant Care and Breastfeeding”
Quote from Review (Journal of Human Lactation)
"A list of references to accompany the video would be helpful, particularly for a medical audience." Naomi Bromberg Bar-Yam
Here it is !!
Section 1 – Introduction, explanations of concepts.
Much of this is basic physiology –the text I find easiest to read is the Color Atlas of Physiology(1), the explanation of “programmes” is from pages 232 and 290.
Research linking mammalian reproductive behaviour to human behaviour I have largely taken from the proceedings of a November 1991 symposium(2), reported in a Supplement to Acta Paediatrica (3-15). All of these are interesting in different ways, but the report by Alberts I have used to explain “habitat-niche”(16).
The reports from that symposium is supplemented by other material on human research, the first on self-attachment was by Widström(17;18), confirmed by others(19;20). Protest-despair behaviour is covered in the Supplement but also elsewhere (21-24), and perhaps the most significant are the reviews by Schore (25;26), which had not been published at the time the video was produced.
1. Despopoulos A, Silbernagl S. Color Atlas of Physiology. 3rd Revised and Enlargeded. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1986.
2. Winberg J, Kjellmer I. The neurobiology of infant-parent-interaction in the newborn period. Acta Paediatr. 1994;Suppl 397:1-2.
3. Blass EM. Behavioral and physiological consequences of suckling in rat and human newborns. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:71-6.
4. Bridges RS. The role of lactogenic hormones in maternal behavior in female rats. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:33-9.
5. Fifer WP, Moon CM. The role of mother's voice in the organization of brain function in the newborn. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:86-93.
6. Hofer MA. Early relationships as regulators of infant physiology and behavior. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:9-18.
7. Keverne EB, Kendrick KM. Maternal behaviour in sheep and its neuroendocrine regulation. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:47-56.
8. Kjellmer I, Winberg J. The neurobiology of infant-parent interaction in the newborn: an introduction. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:1-2.
9. McKenna JJ, Mosko SS. Sleep and arousal, synchrony and independence, among mothers and infants sleeping apart and together (same bed): an experiment in evolutionary medicine. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:94-102.
10. Modney BK, Hatton GI. Maternal behaviors: evidence that they feed back to alter brain morphology and function. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:29-32.
11. Numan M. A neural circuitry analysis of maternal behavior in the rat. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:19-28.
12. Panksepp J, Nelson E, Siviy S. Brain opioids and mother-infant social motivation. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:40-6.
13. Rosenblatt JS. Psychobiology of maternal behavior: contribution to the clinical understanding of maternal behavior among humans. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:3-8.
14. Rosenblum LA, Andrews MW. Influences of environmental demand on maternal behavior and infant development. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:57-63.
15. Smotherman WP, Robinson SR. Milk as the proximal mechanism for behavioral change in the newborn. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:64-70.
16. Alberts JR. Learning as adaptation of the infant. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;397:77-85.
17. Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Christensson K, Matthiesen AS, Winberg J, Uvnas-Moberg K. Gastric suction in healthy newborn infants. Effects on circulation and developing feeding behaviour. Acta Paediatr.Scand. 1987;76(4):566-72.
18. Widstrom AM, Wahlberg V, Matthiesen AS, Eneroth P, Uvnas-Moberg K, Werner S et al. Short-term effects of early suckling and touch of the nipple on maternal behaviour. Early Hum.Dev. 1990;21(3):153-63.
19. Koepke JE, Bigelow AE. Observations of Newborn Suckling Behaviour. Infant Behaviour and Development 1997;20(1):93-8.
20. Righard L, Alade MO. Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet 1990;336(8723):1105-7.
21. Christensson K, Cabrera T, Christensson E, Uvnas-Moberg K, Winberg J. Separation distress call in the human neonate in the absence of maternal body contact. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84(5):468-73.
22. McKenna JJ, Thoman EB, Anders TF, Sadeh A, Schechtman VL, Glotzbach SF. Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep 1993;16(3):263-82.
23. Michelsson K, Christensson K, Rothganger H, Winberg J. Crying in separated and non-separated newborns: sound spectrographic analysis. Acta Paediatr 1996;85(4):471-5.
24. Whitelaw A, Heisterkamp G, Sleath K, Acolet D, Richards M. Skin to skin contact for very low birthweight infants and their mothers. Arch.Dis.Child 1988;63(11):1377-81.
25. Schore AN. Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 2001;22(1-2):7-66.
26. Schore AN. The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 2001;22(1-2):201-69

Section 2 – Research on KMC.
At the time the video was made in early part of 2000, there were over 100 trials reported, currently that is doubled. Susan Ludington Hoe maintains an outcomes database on research articles, the figures quoted in summary table were from her database as at 1999.
Oxygenation studies quoted are by Ludington, Hadeed and Anderson (1).
Temperature studies quoted are by Syfrett, Ludington and Bauer (2-4).
Nutrition studies quoted are by Widstrom and team, and Ludington (3;5-7); articles with effects on breastfeeding are numerous, only a few are included here (4;8-11).
Protection effects highlighted are on stress research (12-14), and long term immunity (15).
Though much is written, there is a paucity of rigorous research articles on maternal effects (16-20).
1. Ludington-Hoe SM, Hadeed AJ, Anderson GC. Physiologic responses to skin-to-skin contact in hospitalized premature infants. J.Perinatol. 1991;11(1):19-24.
2. Bauer, K., Pasel, K, and Versmold, H. Chest skin temperature of mothers of term and preterm infants is higher than that of men and women. Pediatric Research 39(4), part2-195A. 1996.
3. Ludington SM. Energy conservation during skin-to-skin contact between premature infants and their mothers. Heart Lung 1990;19(5 Pt 1):445-51.
4. Syfrett, E. B and Anderson, G. C. Early and virtually continuous kangaroo care for lower-risk preterm infants: effect on temperature, breastfeeding, supplementation and weight. American Nurses Association, Paper presented at the biennial conference of the Council of Nurse Researchers, November 1993. 1993.
5. Uvnas-Moberg K, Widstrom AM, Marchini G, Winberg J. Release of GI hormones in mother and infant by sensory stimulation. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987;76(6):851-60.
6. Uvnas-Moberg K. Gastrointestinal hormones in mother and infant. Acta Paediatr Scand.Suppl 1989;351:88-93.
7. Widstrom AM, Marchini G, Matthiesen AS, Werner S, Winberg J, Uvnas-Moberg K. Nonnutritive sucking in tube-fed preterm infants: effects on gastric motility and gastric contents of somatostatin. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1988;7(4):517-23.
8. Bier JA, Ferguson AE, Morales Y, Liebling JA, Archer D, Oh W et al. Comparison of skin-to-skin contact with standard contact in low-birth-weight infants who are breast-fed. Arch.Pediatr.Adolesc.Med. 1996;150(12):1265-9.
9. Hurst NM, Valentine CJ, Renfro L, Burns P, Ferlic L. Skin-to-skin holding in the neonatal intensive care unit influences maternal milk volume. J.Perinatol. 1997;17(3):213-7.
10. Wahlberg V, Affonso D, Persson B. A retrospective, comparative study using the Kangaroo method as a complement to the Standard Incubator care. European Journal of Public Health 1992;2:34-7.
11. Whitelaw A, Heisterkamp G, Sleath K, Acolet D, Richards M. Skin to skin contact for very low birthweight infants and their mothers. Arch.Dis.Child 1988;63(11):1377-81.
12. Anderson GC. Kangaroo Care. In: Fitzpatrick JJ, editor. Encyclopedia of Nursing Research. New York: Springer; 1998. p. 284-6.
13. Modi N, Glover V. Non-pharmacological reduction of hypercortisolaemia in preterm infants. Infant Behaviour and Development 1998;21 April 1998(Special ICIS Issue):86.
14. Mooncey s, Giannakoulopoulos X, Glover V, Acolet D, Modi N. The effect of Mother-Infant skin-to-skin cobtact on plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin concentrations in Preterm Newborns. Infant Behaviour and Development 1997;20(4):553-7.
15. Sloan NL, Camacho LW, Rojas EP, Stern C. Kangaroo mother method: randomised controlled trial of an alternative method of care for stabilised low-birthweight infants. Maternidad Isidro Ayora Study Team. Lancet 1994;344(8925):782-5.
16. Affonso D, Bosque E, Wahlberg V, Brady JP. Reconciliation and healing for mothers through skin-to-skin contact provided in an American tertiary level intensive care nursery. Neonatal Netw. 1993;12(3):25-32.
17. Anisfeld E, Lipper E. Early contact, social support, and mother-infant bonding. Pediatrics 1983;72(1):79-83.
18. Curry MA. Maternal attachment behavior and the mother's self-concept: the effect of early skin-to-skin contact. Nurs.Res. 1982;31(2):73-8.
19. De Chateau P, Wiberg B. Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. I. First observations at 36 hours. Acta Paediatr.Scand. 1977;66(2):137-43.
20. Widstrom AM, Wahlberg V, Matthiesen AS, Eneroth P, Uvnas-Moberg K, Werner S et al. Short-term effects of early suckling and touch of the nipple on maternal behaviour. Early Hum.Dev. 1990;21(3):153-63.

Section 3 Evolutionary background
This section is important only in that it argues the extreme immaturity of the human newborn, even when born at term; mainly from McKenna, also from Johanson’s book and discussion with Cape Town museum.
1. McKenna JJ, Thoman EB, Anders TF, Sadeh A, Schechtman VL, Glotzbach SF. Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep 1993;16(3):263-82.
Section 4 Aspects of breastfeeding
The extreme immaturity of human newborns impacts on breastfeeding and on breast milk. Work on swallowing and suckling has been done by Anderson and Meier (1-3).
There is a vast body of literature on the contents of breastmilk, of which only a small part has been gleaned for the context of this video (1-7) . Volume 74 of the Biology of the Neonate was dedicated to this topic (8-16).
At the end of the section, definitions of KMC are made (17-20). Early discharge is specifically part of the definition of Kangaroo Mother method in Colombia.
1. Anderson GC. Kangaroo Care. In: Fitzpatrick JJ, editor. Encyclopedia of Nursing Research. New York: Springer; 1998. p. 284-6.
2. Meier P, Anderson GC. Responses of small preterm infants to bo. MCN Am.J.Matern.Child Nurs. 1987;12(2):97-105.
3. Meier P. Bottle– and Breast-feeding: Effects on transcutaneous oxygen pressure and temperature in preterm infants.. Nurs.Res. 1988;37(1):36-41.
4. Emmett PM, Rogers IS. Properties of human milk and their relationship with maternal nutrition. Early Hum.Dev. 1997;49 Suppl:S7-28.
5. Rudloff S, Kunz C. Protein and nonprotein nitrogen components in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formula: quantitative and qualitative aspects in infant nutrition. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1997;24(3):328-44.
6. Sanchez-Hidalgo VM, Flores-Huerta S, Matute G, Serrano C, Urquieta B, Espinosa R. Whey protein/casein ratio and nonprotein nitrogen in preterm human milk during the first 10 days postpartum. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1998;26(1):64-9.
7. Schanler RJ. The use of human milk for premature infants. Pediatr.Clin.North Am. 2001;48(1):207-19.
8. Dewey KG. Growth characteristics of breast-fed compared to formula-fed infants. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):94-105.
9. Garofalo RP, Goldman AS. Cytokines, chemokines, and colony-stimulating factors in human milk: the 1997 update. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):134-42.
10. Hamosh M. Protective function of proteins and lipids in human milk. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):163-76.
11. Hamosh M, Salem N, Jr. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):106-20.
12. Peterson JA, Patton S, Hamosh M. Glycoproteins of the human milk fat globule in the protection of the breast-fed infant against infections. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):143-62.
13. Picciano MF. Human milk: nutritional aspects of a dynamic food. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):84-93.
14. Villalpando S, Hamosh M. Early and late effects of breast-feeding: does breast-feeding really matter? Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):177-91.
15. Xanthou M. Immune protection of human milk. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):121-33.
16. Zetterstrom R. Human milk and infant development. Foreword. Biol.Neonate 1998;74(2):80-3.
17. Charpak N, Ruiz-Pelaez JG, Figueroa dC. Current knowledge of Kangaroo Mother Intervention. Curr.Opin.Pediatr. 1996;8(2):108-12.
18. Ludington-Hoe SM, Swinth JY. Developmental aspects of kangaroo care. J.Obstet.Gynecol.Neonatal Nurs. 1996;25(8):691-703.
19. Cattaneo A, Davanzo R, Bergman N, Charpak N. Kangaroo mother care in low-income countries. International Network in Kangaroo Mother Care. J.Trop.Pediatr. 1998;44(5):279-82.
20. Cattaneo A, Davanzo R, Uxa F, Tamburlini G. Recommendations for the implementation of Kangaroo Mother Care for low birthweight infants. International Network on Kangaroo Mother Care. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87(4):440-5.
Section 5 Restoring the original Paradigm.
Anthropological views are primarily from Lozoff (1;2), mammalian data from various sources. Kennell addresses the issue of paradigms (3), though not quoted in video.
1. Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Trause MA, Kennell JH, Klaus MH. The mother-newborn relationship: limits of adaptability. J.Pediatr. 1977;91(1):1-12.
2. Lozoff B, Brittenham G. Infant care: cache or carry. J.Pediatr. 1979;95(3):478-83.
3. Kennell JH, Klaus MH. The perinatal paradigm: is it time for a change? Clin.Perinatol. 1988;15(4):801-13.