Psychology 202

Exam 4 Study Guide

Schizophrenia (Chapter 15)

  • Emil Kraepelin, dementia praecox, Eugene Bleuler
  • Positive symptoms
  • Delusions: persecutory & grandiose
  • Hallucinations: auditory, visual
  • Relative activity in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas during hallucinations (McGuire et al. study presented in class)
  • Thought disorders
  • Disorganized/catatonic behavior
  • Negative symptoms
  • Flattened emotional response
  • Poverty of speech
  • Lack of initiative and persistence (avolition)
  • Anhedonia
  • Social withdrawal
  • Distinction between and prognosis for Type I and Type II schizophrenia (presented in class)
  • Lifetime prevalence
  • Evidence regarding heritability
  • Dopamine hypothesis
  • 3 pieces of evidence supporting (from text or lecture)
  • Possible role of mesolimbic system and nucleus accumbens
  • 2 pieces of evidence contradicting (from lecture)
  • Mesocortical system and prefrontal cortex (from lecture)
  • Hypofrontality
  • Clozapine and chlorpromazine (including specific dopamine receptor sites of action)
  • Brain abnormalities
  • Ventricle size
  • Hippocampal neuron organization (from lecture)
  • 2 Possible environmental correlates of schizophrenia, seasonality effect

Affective Disorders (Chapter 15)

  • Basic symptoms of Unipolar (Major Depression, Dysthymia. Seasonal affective disorder) and Bipolar (Bipolar, Cyclothymia) Depression
  • Lifetime Prevalence of Major Depression and gender ratio
  • Heritability: Concordance rates for “any affective disorder”
  • Type of depression with strongest genetic contribution (presented in lecture)
  • Three drug treatments for depression and respective sites of action/neurotransmitters affected
  • Two additional physiological treatments for depression: lithium and ECT
  • Monoamine hypothesis
  • Tryptophan depletion procedure (Delgado 1990) and who it affects
  • Brain abnormalities: amygdala, subgenual ACC (note relevant controversy), ventricular size (lecture) and hemispheric activation differences (lecture)
  • Role of the 5-HT (serotonin) transporter in depression
  • Sleep abnormalitiesin depression
  • Impact of REM sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation on depression

Drug Abuse (Chapter 16)

  • Substance abuse vs. substance dependence
  • Tolerance symptoms vs. withdrawal symptoms
  • Physical dependence vs. psychicdependence
  • Examples of how classical and operant conditioning can be used to explain drug abuse/dependence
  • Importance of the mesolimbic system and nucleus accumbens
  • Behavioral effects and neurotransmitters affected by the following drugs
  • Opiates: endorphins
  • Cocaine and amphetamines: dopamine
  • Nicotine: ACh, conditioned place preference
  • Alcohol and barbiturates: NMDA and GABAA receptors,
  • Cannabis: THC receptors, hippocampus
  • Heritability
  • Steady vs. binge drinkers
  • Treatments for drug abuse (for each of the drugs below, be able to briefly describe its site(s) of action)
  • Opiate addiction: methadone maintenance therapy & buprenorphine
  • Cocaine and amphetamine addiction: note general lack of effective treatments, discuss problems of either blocking or stimulating dopamine receptors, interesting results of the Carrera et al. (1995) “immunization” study
  • Nicotine addiction: varenicline, bupropion, rimonabant, & nicotine gum/patches
  • Alcohol addiction: naltrexone, acamprosate