BIOLOGY: Evolution Test Review

The information covered in class can be found in Chapter 15 (pages 369-386), Chapter 17 (pages 417- 428 & 436-438) of your textbook.Also, you should review your notes and worksheets to be sure you are developing accurate understanding of evolution.

  1. The length of time needed for one half of a radioactive isotope to decay is called the ______- ______

2. Above is an example of absolute dating. How else can the age of a fossil be determined? ______

Using thegraph above, what is the half-life of Cesium-317 ? ______

How much radioactive cesium remains after 60 years? ______after 120 years? ______

The half-life for carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If you find a bone that has 6.25% of carbon-14 left, how many half-lives have passed? ______So, how old is that bone? ______

  1. Origins of Life on earth: (see pages 425-428)

The age of the earth is estimated as ______billion years.

Prokaryotes can be found in the fossil record being about ______billion years ago.

Eukaryotes appear in the fossil record about ______billion years ago.

One idea of how life started on this planet is called spontaneous origins. This involves the idea that living things came from ______things. This is called ______or spontaneous generation. This is thought possible because conditions on early earth allowed for the formation of ______molecules.

Today, conditions on earth do not allow for abiogenesis (life from non-living things). Instead, we know that today, life comes from ______. This is called ______.

  1. Fill in the blanks regarding Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.

Darwin was influenced by others researchers:

Lyell was a ______that influenced Darwin by suggesting that the earth was much older than 6000 years. It was millions of year old, which gave Darwin’s ideas the ______needed to accumulate small changes.

Malthus stated that resources are limited and organisms must ______for them. The idea of competition for resources made Darwin wonder what characteristics made an organism more ______at gaining resources.

Darwin’s theory can be remembered in 5 major points.

  • There is ______within populations. Which means that all individuals of the same species do not look identical and may have ______traits.
  • Some variations are ______because they help the organism survive.
  • In most cases with each generation, only a few ______long enough to reproduce.
  • The organisms that survive and ______are the ones with the ______variations.
  • The population ______changes as the frequency of the variations change.

(This is known as Gradualism)

5. What are the terms that are used to describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

The inheritance of ______traits;

Characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be ______to the offspring.

OK….PROBLEM!- We now know that only ______are passed from parent to offspring.

6. Fill in the 4 types of evidence that supports the concept of evolution (and common origins) and explain how it supports the idea of change over time (evolution)

1. F______

Fossils represent ______, but similar, organisms than exist on earth today.

Fossils are found in ______rock.

2. Comparitive ______

All embryos go through the ______first stages of development.

Human embryos have ______slits and a ______that develop and then disappear as development proceeds.

3.Comparitive ______

Structures that are similar between organisms are called ______. They provide evidence for a recent ______ancestor.

The whale pelvis is a ______structure which provides evidence for the evolution of the whale from a ____- legged, land mammal.

  1. Comparitive ______

ALL ______(in every organism) consists of the same ______bases, just a different order.

Humans and other primates have many of the same ______(example- hemoglobin)

The more similar the DNA sequence for a particular protein, the more ______related the organisms are.

Comparative Biochemistry continued…..

Given the data in the table below, answer these questions:

How many different amino acids between Dog and Chicken? ____

Which organism is most closely related to the dog? ______

Amino Acid Sequence for a portion of the hemoglobin protein.

mammal / Dog / SER / SER / GLY / GLY / ASP / GLU / ILU / ASP / ASP / THR
bird / Chicken / GLN / THR / GLY / GLY / ALA / GLU / ILU / ALA / ASN / SER
amphibian / Frog / ASP / SER / GLY / GLY / LYS / HIS / VAL / THR / ASN / SER

7. Define the following terms:

half-life- the amount of time that it takes for ______of a ______element to change (decay)

fossil- any remains of a ______. Molds, casts, imprints are all types of fossils.

Evolution- change over ______

Artificial Selection- ______

Example- ______

Natural Selection - ______

Example- ______

Homologous Structures have similar ______but may have a different ______.

Example- ______

Analogous Structures have the same ______but are structurally very ______.

Example- ______

Vestigial Structures are the ______from the evolutionary past. They remain in an organism even though they have ______function.

Example- ______

Convergent Evolution occurs as organisms of different species ______to the same environment.

Example-______

Divergent Evolution occurs as individuals of the same species ______to different environments.

Example-______

Adaptive Radiation is when ______species gives rise to ______new species. This usually happens as different population groups adapt to ______environments.

Example- Darwin’s finches are similar and closely related species that are different particular with regard to their ______.

Niche- A niche is an ______role in their environment. It is more than just its ______(where it lives). A niche is defined as the sum total of all the ways it utilizes the resources of its environment.

Species- a group of organisms that look ______and are able to interbreed to produce ______.

8. What did the following individuals do?

___Jean Baptiste Lamarck

___Charles Darwin

___Alfred Russell Wallace

___Charles Lyell

___Thomas Malthus

___H.B.D.Kettlewell

9. Describe 3 of the organisms that Darwin witnessed on the Galapagos Islands that helped to solidify his ideas (from video).

1.

2.

3.

10. What is industrial melanism?

How did it affect the population of peppered moths in England?

11. More recently it has been shown that not all species go through gradual changes. Sometimes there are periods, generations of no change, followed by a significant change. This is known as ______equilibrium.

12. In class we observed the changes in horses over the last 65 million years.

What structures were reduced in number? ______

How did the overall size of the horse change? ______What advantage might that be? ______

How did the horses teeth change?______& ______

Why did horses have to change over time? ______

13. What is an adaptation? ______

Brainstorm: List 3 adaptations of mammals and for each describe how it aids in survival.

  1. ______
  1. ______
  1. ______

14. How, specifically, do organisms adapt to their environment? How is DNA involved? Use the word bank for statements below.

New traits are the product of ______. Mutations can be ______which means mistakes are made in the cellular process of ______or they can be induced by ______, exposure to ______and other mutagens.

Traits that are an advantage (favorable) allow for the organism with that trait to live______, reproduce ______and pass those genes (for that trait) to its offspring.

When many differences have accumulated in a population and they can not longer ______with individuals outside the group, a new ______has formed.

One species that gives rise to many different species is an example of ______.

______is the formation of new species.

15. True or False

  1. Darwin created the theory of evolution. ______
  2. Organisms select traits that they need to survive. ______
  3. All organisms need the same traits to survive. ______
  4. Organisms must change because the environment is constantly changing. ______
  5. Organisms that do not evolve are doomed to extinction. _____
  6. Organisms become extinct only because man has altered the environment. ____
  7. Evolution is a theory without much support . _____
  8. Humans evolved from a chimpanzee or gorilla. ______
  9. Whales evolved from a dog. _____
  10. Humans share over 99% of their DNA sequences with chimpanzees. ____
  11. Individuals of the same species share all the same traits. ______
  12. Individuals of the same species have the exact same DNA. _____
  13. In 1859 Darwin published his theory of evolution by means of Natural Selection in a book titled On the Origin of the Species. _____
  14. Alfred Wallace could disprove Darwin’s theory. ___
  15. Alfred Wallace prompted Darwin to reveal his theory and research. ___