EVALUATION OFBenincasa hispida FRUIT EXTRACT FOR ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY IN RATS

SYNOPSIS FOR

M.PHARM DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO

RAJIVGANDHIUNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA, BANGALORE

BY

ABHISHEK MAHATMA

1ST M. PHARM

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

BANGALORE-560085

(2011-2013)

RAJIVGANDHIUNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA, BANGALORE

ANNEXURE-II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1.0 / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS(IN BLOCK LETTERS) / ABHISHEK MAHATMA
NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
DATTATREYA NAGAR, II MAIN,
100FT RING ROAD, BSK III STAGE,
BANGALORE-560085
2.0 /

NAME OF THE INSTITUTION

/

NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,

BANGALORE-560085

3.0 /

COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

/

MASTER OF PHARMACY IN

PHARMACOLOGY

4.0 /

DATE OF THE ADMISSION

/ 27th July 2011
5.0 /

TITLE OF THE TOPIC:

EVALUATION OFBenincasa hispida FRUIT EXTRACT FOR ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY IN RATS
6.0
7.0
8.0 / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1NEED FOR THE STUDY
Diabetes mellitus, long considered a disease of minor significance to world health, is now taking its place as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century.1 The past two decades have seen an explosive increase in the number of people diagnosed with diabetes worldwide.2,3 Estimates suggest that the world prevalence of diabetes among adults (aged 20–79 years) will be 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults, in 2010, and will increase to 7.7%, and 439 million adults by 2030. Between 2010 and 2030, there will be a 69% increase in numbers of adults with diabetes in developing countries and a 20% increase in developed countries.4
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.5
In the management of diabetes mellitus, several approaches are often employed which include dietary intervention, use of different classes of oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin injections, aerobic exercise and food supplements.6
Although, oral hypoglycemic agents/ insulin are the mainstay of treatment of diabetes and are effective in controlling hyperglycemia, they have prominent side effects and fail to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. The common side effects associated with the main classes of drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus are hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disorders, peripheral edema and liver disease.7
In view of these shortcomings, herbal pharmacotherapy is often explored by diabetic patients. Many natural products and herbal medicines have been recommended for the treatment of diabetes.8 In spite of the worldwide use of herbs and medicinal plants, the effective treatment of diabetes with phytochemicals has not been validated with scientific criteria which may support their substitution for the current therapy.9 Metformin is the only ethical drug so far approved for treatment of Type 2 diabetes and is derived from a medicinal plant (Galegos officinalis) historically used to treat diabetes.10 World Health Organization expert committee on diabetes has listed as one of its recommendations that traditional methods of treatment for diabetes should be further investigated.11
Hence in this context there is an immense need for search for novel herbal drugs which possess antidiabetic activity. So the present study is taken up to screen the antidiabetic potential of Benincasahispida fruit, easily available and consumption plant.
6.2REVIEW OF LITERATURE12
Scientific name: Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Vernacular name: English: Ash gourd, White gourd, White pumpkin Hindi: Pedha, Raksa Sanskrit: Kusmanda,Sreshtaphala. Kannada: Budhikumbala.
The fruit of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.Commonly called as ash guard, belonging to cucurbitaceae family is employed as a main ingredient in kusmanda lehyam, inAyurvedicsystem of medicine. The lehyam is used as rejuvenating agent and also numerous nervous disorders.
For centuries it hasbeen used in many empirical applications in India for various ailments such as GITproblems likedyspepsia and burning sensation, heart disease, vermifuge, diabetes and urinarydisease.12
However, some scientific studies carried out reveal its anti-inflammatory,13 diuretic,14anti-Alzheimer’s,15antidiarrheal,16 antiulcer,17,18anorectic,19 antihistaminic20 antioxidant, and anticanceractivities. It is also used in disorders related to urinary tract.
The major constituents of this fruitsaretriterpenoids,flavanoids, glycosides, saccharides, carotenes, vitamins,β-sitosterol and uronic acid.21,22
Following activities have been reported:
Anti-angiogenic effect of the seed extract of Benincasa hispida cogn. on basic fibroblast growth factor in mice.23
Effect of Benincasa hispida fruit on testosterone induced prostatic hypertrophy in albino rat.24
Extract of Benincasa hispida prevent development of experimental ulcer in animals.25
Antioxidant activity of Benincasa hispida seeds using conventional soxhlet extraction technique.26
Antinociceptive and anti-pyretic activity of Benincasa hispida in wistar albino rats.27
Effect of extract of Benincasa hispida on oxidative stress in rtas with indomethacin induced gastric ulcers.28
Antidiarrheal Evaluation of Benincasa hispida(Thunb.) Cogn. Fruit Extracts.16
Diuretic effect of methanolic extract Benincasa hispidarind (pericarp) in Sprague dawley rats.29
Effect of methanolic extract of Benincasa hispida against histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs.20
Preliminary study of fresh juice ofBenincasa hispidaon morphine addiction in mice.30
6.3OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of fresh fruit extract of Benincasa hispida in rats.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA :
The data will be generated by performing experiments on animals; the standard information is collected from various journals, standard text books available in library of Nargund College of Pharmacy, RGUHS-digital library and from various standard websites.
Web sites:





METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA:
The data will be generated by performing the experiments using animal models in rats.
7.2METHODOLOGY :
7.2.1. Streptozotocin induced diabetic animal model:31
  • Animals: Albino Wistar Rats.
  • Weight: 180-200gm.
  • Test drug: Methanolic fruit extract of Benincasa hispida
Groups: 6 groups of 10 animals each.
  • Group I: Normal control - animals will be administered with vehicle orally
  • Group II: Diabetes induced control - animals will be administered with vehicle orally
  • Group III: Diabetes induced + Standard drug (Glibenclamide – administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight)31
  • Group IV: Diabetes induced + Test drug treated dose I ( 200mg/kg body weight, administered orally once a day)16
  • Group V: Diabetes induced + Test drug treated dose II (400 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once a day)16
  • Group VI: Test drug treated normal group (400 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once a day)
Procedure:The animals of group II, III, IV & V will be injected with streptozotocin (70 mg/kg, i.p.). Five days after injection, the rats with fasting blood glucose higher than 180 mg/dl will be used for the experiments.
Parameters to be evaluated:
  • Body weight.
  • Fasting blood glucose levels.
  • Histopathological findings of pancreas.
  • Lipid profile.
7.2.2 Dexamethasone induced insulin resistant animal model:32
  • Animals: Albino Wistar Rats.
  • Weight: 180-200gm.
  • Test drug: Methanolic fruit extract ofBenincasa hispida
Groups: 6 groups of 10 animals each.
  • Group I: Normal control - animals will be administered with vehicle orally
  • Group II: Diabetes induced control - animals will be administered with vehicle orally
  • Group III: Diabetes induced + Standard drug (Pioglitazone – administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight)33
  • Group IV: Diabetes induced + Test drug treated dose I (200 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once a day)16
  • Group V: Diabetes induced + Test drug treated dose II (400 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once a day)16
  • Group VI: Test drug treated normal group (400 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once a day)
Procedure: Dexamethasone sodium phosphate, at a dose of 10 mg/kg will be administered subcutaneously to the overnight-fasted rats of group II, III, IV & V once a day and continued till the end of experiment along with the standard and test drugs.
Parameters to be evaluated:
  • Body weight.
  • Fasting blood glucose levels.
  • Histopathological findings of pancreas.
  • Lipid profile.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Data will be analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
7.3 Does the study require any investigation or interventions to be conducted on patients or the human or animals? If so please describe briefly:
YES.
Study requires investigation on animals. The effects of the drug will be studied on various parameters using rats as experimental animal model.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3 .
Applied for IAEC and certificate will be produced as soon as committee clears.
REFERENCES:
  1. Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Jonathan S. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature2001;414:782-7.
  2. Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997;14:S1–S85.
  3. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025. Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21(9):1414–31.
  4. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87(1):4-14.
  5. American diabetes association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005;28(1):S37-S42.
  6. Adeneye AA, Adeyemi OO. Further evaluation of antihyperglycaemic activity of Hunteria umbellate (K. Schum) Hallier f. seed extract in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;12(2):238–43.
  7. Geetanjali K, Santosh S, Rakesh KK, Naik SN. Commonly consumed Indian plant food materials in the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2010;4(1):21–40.
  8. Jung M, Park M, Lee HC, Kang YH, Kang ES, Kim SK. Antidiabetic agents from medicinal plants. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2006;13:1203-18.
  9. Frode TS, Medeiros YS. Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:173-83.
  10. Luo J, FortDM, Carlson TJ, Noamesi BK, nii-Amon-Kotei D, King SR, et al. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta: an ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery and the isolation of a potentially useful new antihyperglycaemic agent. Diabet Med 1998;15:367-74.
  11. World Health Organization, Expert committee on diabetes mellitus, second report. Technical report series 646.WHO, Geneva, 1980.
  1. Prajapati ND, Sharma SS, Arun K. Sharma, Tarun Kumar. A Handbook of Medicinal Plants: Agrobios 2003. p 86.
  2. Gover JK, Rathi SS. Anti-inflammatory activity of fresh juice of Benincasa hispida. Indian J pharmacol 1994;26:66.
  3. Dong MY, Lumz, Yin QH, Feng WM, Xu JX,Xu WM. Study of Benincasa hispida content effective for protection of kidney. Jiangsu J Agriculture Science 1995;1(3):46-55
  4. Chandan Roy, Ghosh TK, Debjani Guha. Dose Dependent activity of Benincasa hispida on Colchicine Induced Experimental Rat Model of Alzheimar’s Disease, International J Pharmacol 2008;4(4):237-44.
  5. Mathad VSB, Chandanam S, Setty SRT, Ramaiyan D, Veeranna B, et al. Antidiarrheal Evaluation of Benincasa hispida(Thunb.) Cogn. Fruit Extracts. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005;4(1):24-7.
  6. Manish A. Rachchh, Sunita M. Jain. Gastroprotective effect of Benincasa hispida fruit extract. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40(6):271-5.
  7. Kumar A, Rama II. Antiulcer properties of methanolic extract of Benincasa hispida (thunb.) Cogn. Indian Drug 2002;39:9-13.
  8. Kumar A, Vimalavathini R. Possible anorectic effect of methonol extract of benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. fruit. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36(6):348-50.
  9. Anil Kumar D, Ramu P. Effect of methanolic extract of Benincasa hispida against histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in guinea pig. Indian J pharmacol 2002;34:365-6.
  10. NadkarniAK In: Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan. Bombay, India 1976;185-6.
  11. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants. New York: Springer Reference; 2007. p 88.
  1. Keyong-Ho Lee, Hey-Ran Choi, Chang-Han Kim. Anti-angiogenic effect of the seed extract of Benincasa hispida cogn. on basic fibroblast growth factor in mice. JEthnopharmacol 2005;97:509-13.
  1. Chetan Nandecha, Alok Nahata, Dixit VK. Effect of Benincasa hispida fruit on testosterone induced prostatic hypertrophy in albino rat. Current Therapeutic Research 2010;71(5):331-43.
  2. Grover JK, Adiga G, Vats V, Rathi SS. Extract of Benincasa hispida prevent development of experimental ulcer in animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;78:159-64.
  3. Mandana B, Russly AR, Farah ST, Noranizan MA, Zaidul IS, et al. Antioxidant activity of Benincasa hispida seeds using conventional soxhlet extraction technique. International Food Research Journal 2012;19(1):229-34.
  4. Zulkar Latief Qadrie, Najat Tayeb Hawisa,Mohd.Wajid Ali khan, and MS, Anandan R. Antinociceptive and anti-pyretic activity of Benincasa hispida in wistar albino rats.Pak J PharmSci. 2009:22(3):287-90.
  5. Beena V. Shetty, Albina Arjuman, Aparna Jorapur, Rajshree Samanth,Sudhir Kumar Yadav, Valliammai N, et al. Effect of extract of Benincasa hispida on oxidative stress in rats with indomethacin induced gastric ulcers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;52(2):178-82.
  6. Jayasree T, Kiran Kishore K, Vinay M, Vasavi P, Rajanikanth M, et al. Diuretic effect of chloroform extract ofBenincasa hispida rind (pericarp) in Sprague dawley rats. International J Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Tech. 2011;2(2):94-9.
  7. Grover JK, Rathi SS,Vats V. Preliminary study of fresh juice ofBenincasa hispidaon morphine addiction in mice. Fitoterapia 2000;71(6):707-9.
  8. Eidi A, Eidi M, Esmaeili E. Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 2006;13:624-9.
  9. Shalam Md., Harish MS, Farhana SA. Prevention of dexamethasone- and fructose-induced insulin resistance in rats by SH-01D, a herbal preparation. Indian J Pharmacol 2006;38(6):419-22.
  10. Jayesh B. Majithiya, Arvind N. Paramar, R.Balaraman. Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, restores endothelial function in aorta of streotozotocin induced diabetic rats. Cardiovascular Research 2005;66:150-61.

9.0 / Reg no.
SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE / ABHISHEK MAHATMA
10. / REMARKS OF THE GUIDE / RECOMMENDED
11. / NAME AND DESIGNATION
11.1 GUIDE / RAMA R. NARGUND
ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY,
NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BANGALORE-560 085.
11.2 SIGNATURE
11.3 CO-GUIDE (IF ANY) / ------
11.4SIGNATURE / ------
11.5HEAD OF THEDEPARTMENT / DR. H.J.HRISHIKESHAVAN
PROFESSOR & H.O.D,
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY,
NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BANGALORE-560 085.
11.6 SIGNATURE
12. / 12.1 REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL / RECOMMENDED FOR REGISTRATION
12.2 SIGNATURE / Prof. D SPURANIK
PRINCIPAL,
NARGUND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
BANGALORE-560 085.

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