ESM Table S1 Checklist of the fish species recorded in the visual census assessment on the mesophotic reefs of Bermuda and Curaçao, Caribbean. Trophic group: MC = macro-carnivores, MIF = mobile invertebrate feeders, OM = omnivores, PL = planktivores, RH = roving herbivorous, SIF = sessile invertebrate feeders, TH = territorial herbivorous. Abundance and biomass are in number and gram per 60m2, respectively (standard error in parentheses). Frequency of occurrence among depth classes regards the entire dataset for both localities. Habitat: BR = biogenic reef (coralline or calcareous), CR = coral reefs, GS = gravel slope, LE = ledge, RB = rhodolith beds, SA = sand with patch reefs, WA = wall.

Bermuda / Curaçao / Frequency of occurrence among depth classes
Species / Trophic group / Abundance
(n 60-2) / Biomass (g 60-2) / Frequency of occurrence / Abundance
(n 60-2) / Biomass
(g 60-2) / Frequency of occurrence / 45–50 / 60–65 / 70–80 / 85–90 / 105–130 / Habitat
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus bahianus / RH / 0.14 (0.1) / 35.7 (24.2) / 14.3 / 50 / 50 / BR
Acanthurus chirurgus / RH / 0.29 (0.13) / 87.2 (41.5) / 28.6 / 0.14 (0.1) / 26.6 (22.3) / 9.1 / 16.7 / 50 / 33.3 / BR, CR
Apogonidae
Apogon binotatus / PL / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.01 (0.01) / 4.5 / 100 / SA
Apogon pseudomaculatus / PL / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.01 (0.01) / 4.5 / 100 / WA
Aulostomidae
Aulostumus strigosus / MC / 0.14 (0.1) / 37.1 (26.4) / 14.3 / 100 / BR
Balistidae
Xanthichthys ringens / MIF / 0.07 (0.07) / 4.6 (4.6) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Carangidae
Caranx lugubris / MC / 0.86 (0.59) / 979.8 (665.7) / 14.3 / 50 / 50 / BR, RB
Pseudocaranx dentex / MC / 1.79 (1.43) / 1400.3 (1121.7) / 21.4 / 66.7 / 33.3 / BR, RB
Seriola rivoliana / MC / 0.14 (0.14) / 495.5 (495.5) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon capistratus / SIF / 0.55 (0.18) / 20.8 (10.5) / 31.8 / 42.9 / 42.9 / 14.3 / CR, LE, WA
Chaetodon sedentarius / SIF / 0.57 (0.25) / 34.1 (14.9) / 35.7 / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.6 (0.6) / 4.5 / 50 / 33.3 / 16.7 / BR, LE
Chaetodon striatus / SIF / 0.18 (0.13) / 11.2 (7.7) / 9.1 / 50 / 50 / CR, LE
Prognathodes aculeatus / SIF / 0.55 (0.21) / 5.1 (1.9) / 36.4 / 25 / 25 / 25 / 25 / CR, LE, WA
Epinephelidae
Cephalopholis cruentata / MC / 0.77 (0.2) / 106.4 (30.8) / 50 / 42.9 / 14.3 / 28.6 / 14.3 / CR, SA, LE, WA
Cephalopholis fulva / MC / 0.14 (0.14) / 85.3 (85.3) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Hypoplectrus chlorurus / MC / 0.05 (0.05) / 1.7 (1.7) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Liopropoma carmabi / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.1 (0.04) / 4.5 / 100 / SA
Liopropoma mowbrayi / MIF / 0.55 (0.21) / 0.1 (0.04) / 36.4 / 25 / 25 / 12.5 / 37.5 / CR, LE, WA, GS
Mycteroperca bonaci / MC / 0.05 (0.05) / 143.2 (143.2) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Mycteroperca intertitialis / MC / 0.21 (0.15) / 514.5 (359.5) / 14.3 / 0.05 (0.05) / 52.4 (52.4) / 4.5 / 25 / 75 / BR, LE
Paranthias furcifer / PL / 10.1 (6.14) / 507.7 (308.7) / 50 / 2.09 (0.69) / 103 (35.5) / 50 / 33.3 / 38.1 / 19 / 4.8 / 4.8 / BR, RB, CR, SA, LE, WA, GS
Rypticus saponaceus / MIF / 0.21 (0.15) / 17.8 (12.8) / 14.3 / 50 / 50 / BR, RB
Gobiidae
Antilligobius nikkiae / MIF / 8.91 (5.17) / 0.6 (0.4) / 27.3 / 16.7 / 16.7 / 66.7 / CR, WA, GS
Coryphopterus hyalinus / MIF / 11.6 (5.62) / 0.8 (0.4) / 18.2 / 75 / 25 / CR, SA
Coryphopterus personatus / MIF / 5.45 (5.45) / 0.9 (0.9) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Coryphopterus sp. / MIF / 0.21 (0.21) / 0.1 (0.1) / 7.1 / 4.55 (2.16) / 1.3 (0.6) / 27.3 / 42.9 / 42.9 / 14.3 / BR, CR, SA, WA
Gnatholepis thompsoni / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.01 (0.01) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Grammatidae
Gramma loreto / MIF / 1.09 (0.38) / 0.2 (0.1) / 36.4 / 62.5 / 25 / 12.5 / CR, LE, WA
Haemulidae
Anisotremus virginicus / MIF / 0.09 (0.06) / 5.4 (3.9) / 9.1 / 50 / 50 / CR
Haemulon flavolineatum / MIF / 0.36 (0.29) / 66.5 (53.8) / 14.3 / 0.36 (0.17) / 30 (17.4) / 22.7 / 14.3 / 71.4 / 14.3 / BR, CR, SA, LE
Haemulon sciurus / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 34 (34) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Haemulon striatum / MIF / 3.05 (1.83) / 375.3 (233.2) / 31.8 / 42.9 / 14.3 / 28.6 / 14.3 / CR, SA, LE, WA
Holocentridae
Corniger spinosus / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 4.6 (4.6) / 4.5 / 100 / WA
Holocentrus ascensionis / MIF / 2.57 (1.82) / 1690.4 (1240) / 21.4 / 0.14 (0.07) / 33.8 (21.1) / 13.6 / 50 / 33.3 / 16.7 / BR, RB, CR, WA
Holocentrus rufus / MIF / 0.07 (0.07) / 27.1 (27.1) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Myripristis jacobus / MIF / 0.36 (0.18) / 71.6 (43.1) / 18.2 / 25 / 75 / CR, WA
Neoniphon marianus / MIF / 0.14 (0.07) / 5.9 (3.7) / 13.6 / 33.3 / 33.3 / 33.3 / CR, LE
Sargocentrum bullisi / MIF / 0.07 (0.07) / 2.3 (2.3) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Kyphosidae
Kyphosus sp. / RH / 3.14 (2.16) / 4865.7 (3495.6) / 14.3 / 100 / BR
Labridae
Bodianus pulchellus / MIF / 0.36 (0.17) / 30.9 (18.6) / 28.6 / 50 / 50 / BR
Bodianus rufus / MIF / 0.29 (0.13) / 153 (82.1) / 28.6 / 50 / 50 / BR
Clepticus parrae / PL / 1.09 (0.74) / 30.7 (24.1) / 13.6 / 25 / 75 / CR, SA, WA
Decodon puellaris / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.2 (0.2) / 4.5 / 100 / GS
Halichoeres bathyphilus / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 1 (1) / 4.5 / 100 / GS
Halichoeres garnoti / MIF / 0.29 (0.16) / 9.9 (7.7) / 21.4 / 1.91 (0.4) / 19.5 (5.7) / 68.2 / 34.6 / 34.6 / 15.4 / 15.4 / BR, RB, CR, SA, LE, WA
Halichoeres radiatus / MIF / 0.07 (0.07) / 56.6 (56.6) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Lachnolaimus maximus / MC / 0.09 (0.09) / 62.1 (62.1) / 4.5 / 100 / WA
Scarus iseri / RH / 0.68 (0.24) / 60 (30.7) / 31.8 / 66.7 / 33.3 / CR, WA
Scarus taeniopterus / RH / 1.21 (0.52) / 159.3 (70.9) / 42.9 / 33.3 / 55.6 / 11.1 / BR
Scarus vetula / RH / 0.29 (0.16) / 330.5 (189) / 21.4 / 100 / BR
Sparisoma aurofrenatum / RH / 0.5 (0.29) / 51.2 (26.4) / 28.6 / 0.18 (0.08) / 19.9 (12.7) / 18.2 / 44.4 / 44.4 / 11.1 / BR, CR
Sparisoma chrysopterum / RH / 0.36 (0.25) / 56.9 (42.9) / 14.3 / 0.09 (0.06) / 12.7 (9.4) / 9.1 / 100 / BR, CR
Sparisoma juvenile / RH / 0.09 (0.09) / 0 (0) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Sparisoma rubripinne / RH / 0.05 (0.05) / 30.4 (30.4) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Sparisoma viride / RH / 0.29 (0.22) / 162 (114.2) / 14.3 / 0.05 (0.05) / 45 (45) / 4.5 / 25 / 75 / BR, CR
Thalassoma bifasciatum / PL / 0.5 (0.38) / 0.9 (0.6) / 9.1 / 100 / CR
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus analis / MC / 0.07 (0.07) / 228.6 (228.6) / 7.1 / 0.05 (0.05) / 58.5 (58.5) / 4.5 / 50 / 50 / RB, LE
Lutjanus apodus / MC / 0.09 (0.09) / 37.2 (37.2) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Lutjanus buccanella / MC / 0.14 (0.1) / 129.7 (89.7) / 9.1 / 66.7 / 33.3 / LE, WA
Lutjanus mahogoni / MC / 0.27 (0.12) / 114 (55.6) / 22.7 / 20 / 20 / 20 / 40 / CR, SA, LE, WA
Malacanthidae
Malacanthus plumieri / MC / 0.14 (0.1) / 24 (23) / 9.1 / 50 / 50 / CR, SA
Microdesmidae
Ptereleotris helenae / PL / 0.23 (0.16) / 0.5 (0.3) / 9.1 / 50 / 50 / SA, LE
Mullidae
Mulloidichthys martinicus / MIF / 0.36 (0.22) / 17.7 (9.9) / 13.6 / 33.3 / 66.7 / CR, SA
Pseudopeneus maculatus / MIF / 0.07 (0.07) / 14 (14) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Muraenidae
Gymnothorax moringa / MC / 0.07 (0.07) / 159.9 (159.9) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Opistognathidae
Opistognathus aurifrons / PL / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.1 (0.1) / 4.5 / 100 / SA
Ostraciidae
Lactophrys triqueter / OM / 0.14 (0.07) / 11.8 (6.5) / 13.6 / 33.3 / 33.3 / 33.3 / CR, SA, LE
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge argi / TH / 0.43 (0.23) / 1.4 (0.8) / 28.6 / 0.68 (0.28) / 0.3 (0.1) / 27.3 / 50 / 40 / 10 / BR, RB, CR, SA, LE, WA
Holacanthus bermudensis / SIF / 0.07 (0.07) / 3.4 (3.4) / 7.1 / 100 / BR
Holacanthus tricolor / SIF / 0.29 (0.16) / 71.3 (48.2) / 21.4 / 0.05 (0.05) / 6.9 (6.9) / 4.5 / 75 / 25 / BR ,CR
Pomacentridae
Chromis aff enchrysura / PL / 3.93 (2.14) / 30.5 (17.4) / 50 / 1.68 (0.48) / 11.2 (3.4) / 50 / 5.3 / 26.3 / 26.3 / 26.3 / 15.8 / BR, CR, SA, LE, WA, GS
Chromis bermudae / PL / 2.71 (1.48) / 0.8 (0.4) / 21.4 / 100 / RB
Chromis cyanea / PL / 0.95 (0.32) / 4.5 (1.7) / 36.4 / 66.7 / 33.3 / CR, WA
Chromis insolata / PL / 3.95 (1.34) / 8.9 (3.3) / 59.1 / 35 / 30 / 20 / 15 / CR, SA, LE, WA
Chromis multilineata / PL / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.3 (0.3) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Chromis scotti / PL / 0.14 (0.1) / 0.6 (0.6) / 9.1 / 50 / 50 / SA, LE
Stegastes partitus / TH / 3.59 (1.51) / 11.3 (5.3) / 31.8 / 83.3 / 8.3 / 8.3 / CR, SA
Scorpaenidae
Pterois volitans / MC / 1 (0.51) / 891.5 (457.8) / 28.6 / 0.36 (0.14) / 207.2 (99.1) / 27.3 / 36.4 / 36.4 / 9.1 / 18.2 / BR, RB, SA, LE, WA
Serranidae
Bullisichthys caribbaeus / MIF / 0.64 (0.34) / 0.1 (0.1) / 18.2 / 50 / 50 / WA, GS
Liopropoma olneyi / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.2 (0.2) / 4.5 / 100 / LE
Pronotogrammus martinicensis / PL / 0.95 (0.43) / 0.04 (0.03) / 22.7 / 40 / 60 / WA, GS
Serranus annularis / MIF / 0.14 (0.1) / 0.2 (0.2) / 9.1 / 100 / SA, LE
Serranus luciopercanus / MIF / 0.45 (0.16) / 8.2 (2.9) / 31.8 / 12.5 / 25 / 37.5 / 25 / CR, SA, LE, WA, GS
Serranus phoebe / MIF / 0.09 (0.09) / 2.2 (2.2) / 4.5 / 100 / GS
Serranus tigrinus / MIF / 0.05 (0.05) / 0.01 (0.01) / 4.5 / 100 / CR
Serranus tortugarum / MIF / 0.45 (0.23) / 0.1 (0.04) / 18.2 / 25 / 75 / SA, LE
Sparidae
Diplodus bermudensis / OM / 0.36 (0.25) / 80.7 (56.1) / 14.3 / 100 / BR
Tetraodontidae
Canthigaster jamestyleri / OM / 0.18 (0.08) / 0.1 (0.03) / 18.2 / 25 / 25 / 25 / 25 / CR, LE, WA
Canthigaster rostrata / OM / 0.36 (0.17) / 2.5 (1.2) / 28.6 / 0.64 (0.29) / 0.5 (0.3) / 27.3 / 30 / 40 / 20 / 10 / BR, RB, CR, SA, LE, WA