Energy, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Energy, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Name:____Period:_Date:____

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule

· All ______is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion

o By the time food reaches your______, it has been broken down into nutrient molecules that can enter your cells.

· ______then break down the food molecules, ______energy for the biological work your cells need to perform.

o ______= the ability to do work

· ______= energy storing molecule.

o Cells store energy by bonding a third ______to ______(adenosine diphosphate) to form______.

o Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into ______and ______!

o Within a cell, ______of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, ______each time!

o Cells use energy for:

§ Maintaining ______

§ Eliminating ______

§ Transmitting ______(nerve cells)

§ Cellular ______(muscle cells)

o Without ATP a cell would ______!

I. OVERVIEW: "THE BIG PICTURE"

· ______= the process that provides energy for almost all life.

· ______= organisms that make their own food

o Ex: plants

· Photosynthesis requires:

o The______, ______and ______to make ______and ______as byproducts.

· The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation:

______

· The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ______during the process of______.

o We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon!

· The process of photosynthesis does ______happen all at once; rather it occurs in2 stages:

1. STAGE 1 – Called the______.

§ ______is converted to ______

§ Takes place –______is captured from ______in the ______of the chloroplasts of plant cells.

· A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts!

§ ______is split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain.

§ The ______is now converted to______, which is temporarily stored in ______(energy molecules).

§ The ______diffuses out of the chloroplasts (byproduct).

2. STAGE 2 – Called the ______or______.

§ ______(CO2) and the chemical energy stored in ______and ______powers the formation of ______(sugars, starch and cellulose).

§ Takes place – in the ______of a chloroplast

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flow Chart

Equation: + + +

I. OVERVIEW: "THE BIG PICTURE"

· ______= an energy (ATP) releasing process:

o PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6 ) produced during ______are broken down so energy is released

o ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6 ) produced during ______are broken down so energy is released

· Formula:

o ______

§ The PRODUCTS of ______à glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in______.

§ The WASTE PRODUCTS of______, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in______.

· Processes:

1. ______

2. ______(Citric Acid Cycle)

3. ______(ETC)

II. TWO TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

1. ______= OXYGEN is present

§ If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the ______of glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration.

· 2 major stages: ______& ______

§ Produces large amounts of ATP

2. ______= No OXYGEN is present

§ aka….______

§ ______additional ______is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP

~ Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with______.

III. AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESSES:

1. GLYCOLYSIS:

· Occurs in the ______of the cell

· Starting molecule: ONE molecule of ______(______)

· Produces: two ______or______(______)

§ ______molecules

§ Attaches H’s to NAD+ (electron carrier) and forms ______(______)

2. KREB’S CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) – Aerobic respiration

· ______process (requires oxygen)

· Occurs in the ______

· Starting molecules: ______and ______

· Produces: ______, ______and ______molecules

§ Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more ______in the______)

3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) – Aerobic respiration

· ______process (requires oxygen)

· Occurs in the ______of the ______

· Starting molecules: ______and ______

o Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ______and another NADH from______.

· Produces: ______and ______

o FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to ______and produce ______

o Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules.

àImportance of Aerobic Respiration:

· To transfer chemical energy (______) to a form of energy that is ______by cells (______)!!!

· Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = ______

àRelationship of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration:

· The ______of one reaction are the ______for the other reaction.

· In an ______, photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle.

IV. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESSES:

· Occurs ______glycolysis, only if ______oxygen is present

· ______additional ______is created after the 2ATP’s from glycolysis!

· 2 Types:

1. ______:

§ Occurs in ______

§ Starting molecules: ______and ______(from glycolysis)

§ Produces: ______and______.

§ Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of ______to make bread.

§ Used to make wine and beer

2. ______:

§ Occurs in ______

§ Starting molecules: ______and ______(from glycolysis)

§ Produces: ______

§ Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ______and______.

ð DURING EXERCISE: breathing______provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration.

o When muscles run out of ______, the cells switch to______!

o Provides your ______with the energy then need during exercise.

o Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are______, ______, ______, and______.

o Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen becomes available.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION flow chart:

AEROBIC Respiration (______)

Photosynthesis: Compare & Contrast

Name:______Period:____Date:______

Characteristics: Types of Reactions:

Light Reaction /

Dark Reaction

(Calvin Cycle)

Light

(Is it needed?)

Location

(Where does it take place?)

Sources

(What is needed?)

Products

(What is made?)

Role of ATP

(What is energy used for?)

QUESTIONS:

1. Write the complete chemical equation of photosynthesis?

______

2. How do these reactions depend on one another to carry out photosynthesis?

3. If the light reactions stopped, what would happen? How would this affect you?

4. If the dark reactions stopped, what would happen? How would this affect you?

Energy:

1. What is energy?

2. What is one difference between ATP and ADP?

3. How do cells store energy?

4. How do cells release energy?

5. Provide several examples of how cells use energy?

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Worksheet

Name:______Period:______

Vocabulary: Match the phrases on the left with the term that best fits. Use answers only one time.

____1. Organisms that make their own food A. Chloroplasts

____2. Site of photosynthesis B. Aneorobic

____3. Process occurs in a mitochondrion C. Aerobic

____4. C6H12O6 D. Glucose

____5. Process does not require oxygen E. ATP

____6. Process requires oxygen F. Kreb’s cycle

____7. Adenosine diphosphate G. Glycolysis

____8. Energy storing molecule H. Energy

____9. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose I. ADP

and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid

J. Autotrophs

____10. The ability to do work

Directions: Answer each of the following questions in a clear and concise manner.

1. Compare and discuss how cells store energy and release energy using ATP. Be specific! You may draw the cycle.

2. Compare lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation by describing what pyruvic acid is changed in to. Be sure to include what type of organism each one takes place in.

What is pyruvic acid changed into?

Organism:

Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

3. Name the three processes of aerobic cellular respiration. How many ATP’s does each process produce, and what is the total ATP produced from one glucose?

3 Processes of Cellular Respiration: / # ATP produced:

4. Name the two stages of photosynthesis and list the starting molecule(s) and ending molecule(s) of each.

Stages / Starting Molecule(s) / Product(s)

5. What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis?

6. When and why does our body use lactic acid fermentation?

7. Explain how the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic respiration compare.

Unit Learning Map (11 days) -Photosynthesis & Respiration Mrs. Sim

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Vocabulary:

1) Energy = the ability to do work

2) ATP = (adenosine triphosphate); energy storing molecule

3) ADP = adenosine diphosphate

4) Photosynthesis = the process that provides energy for almost all life

5) Autotroph = organisms that make their own food

6) Chlorophyll = green pigment in chloroplasts that traps sunlight

7) Light Reactions = Light energy is converted to chemical energy; Energy is captured from sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts of plant cells.

8) Dark Reactions = (Calvin Cycle); Carbon dioxide (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of carbohydrate molecules (sugars, starch and cellulose)

9) Stroma = specific location on a chloroplast where the dark reactions occur

10) Glycolysis = Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

· Starting molecule: ONE molecule of glucose (C6H12O6)

§ Produces: two pyruvic acids or pyruvates (C3H6O3); 2 ATP molecules

§ Attaches H’s to NAD+ (electron carrier) and forms NADH (high energy molecule)

11) Aerobic = requires oxygen

12) Pyruvic Acid = (pyruvate) C3H6O3

13) Kreb Cycle = also called the citric acid cycle

· Aerobic process (requires oxygen)

· Occurs in the mitochondrion

· Starting molecules: 2 pyruvates and oxygen

· Produces: NADH and FADH2, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules

14) ETC = Electron Transport Chain

· Aerobic process (requires oxygen)

· Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

· Starting molecules: NADH and FADH2 and oxygen

o Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the Kreb’s Cycle and another NADH from Glycolysis.

· Produces: Water and 32 ATP’s

o FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to oxygen and produce water

15) NADH & FADH = high energy molecules

16) Anaerobic = no oxygen present

17) Alcoholic Fermentation = Occurs in plants

· Starting molecules: 2 pyruvates and NADH (from glycolysis)

· Produces: ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

· Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of YEAST to make bread.

· Used to make wine and beer

18) Lactic Acid Fermentation = Occurs in animals