Electronic Supplementary Material

Geographic Variation in Nonmetric Dental Traits of the Deciduous Molars of Pan and Gorilla

Anna M. Hardin · Scott S. Legge

Table S1 Percentage of male and female individuals of the Pan species and subspecies with traits at or above the presence threshold with sample size in parentheses

Pan troglodytes troglodytes / Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii / P. paniscus
Male / Female / P-value / Male / Female / P-value / Male / Female / P-value
Transverse crest
(udp3) / 31.6 (19) / 31.3 (16) / 1 / 20.0 (5) / 25.0 (4) / 1 / 50.0 (4) / 75.0 (4) / 1
Lingual cingulum
(udp3) / 4.5 (22) / 5.6 (18) / 1 / 0.0 (7) / 0.0 (5) / — / 0.0 (5) / 0.0 (2) / 1
Lingual cingulum
(udp4) / 33.3 (21) / 21.7 (23) / 0.625 / 0.0
(7) / 0.0 (11) / 0.371 / 40.0 (5) / 50.0 (4) / 0.159
Buccal cingulum
(udp3) / 4.3 (23) / 10.0 (20) / 0.618 / 0.0 (8) / 0.0 (6) / — / 0.0 (6) / 33.3 (3) / 0.077
Buccal cingulum
(udp4) / 9.1 (22) / 8.7 (23) / 1 / 0.0 (8) / 20.0 (10) / 0.256 / 0.0 (7) / 33.3 (3) / 0.073
Crista oblique
(udp4) / 60.0 (25) / 61.9 (21) / 1 / 87.5 (8) / 63.6 (11) / 0.225 / 85.7 (7) / 25.0 (4) / 0.073
Cusp 5
(udp4) / 0.0 (26) / 8.7 (23) / 0.276 / 0.0 (8) / 10.0 (10) / 0.346 / 14.3 (7) / 20.0 (5) / 0.089
Anterior fovea
(udp4) / 42.3 (26) / 45.5 (22) / 1 / 85.7 (7) / 80.0 (10) / 1 / 40.0 (5) / 60.0 (5) / 0.168
Posterior fovea
(udp4) / 57.7 (26) / 69.6 (23) / 0.520 / 71.4 (7) / 75.0 (8) / 0.045 / 83.3 (6) / 100 (4) / 0.508
Metaconid
(ldp3) / 95.7 (23) / 100 (20) / 1 / 100 (6) / 100 (7) / — / 50.0 (4) / 80.0 (5) / 0.006
Entoconid
(ldp3) / 47.4 (19) / 42.1 (19) / 0.863 / 75.0 (4) / 50.0 (2) / 0.270 / 100 (2) / 40.0 (5) / 0.014
Entoconid
(ldp4) / 100 (25) / 100 (24) / — / 100 (8) / 100 (9) / — / 100 (7) / 100 (6) / —
Hypoconid
(ldp3) / 100 (26) / 100 (23) / — / 100 (7) / 100 (7) / — / 100 (6) / 100 (6) / —
Hypoconid
(ldp4) / 100 (26) / 100 (24) / — / 100 (8) / 100 (10) / — / 100 (7) / 100 (6) / —
Cusp 5
(ldp3) / 0.0 (22) / 0.0 (23) / — / 0.0 (7) / 0.0 (8) / — / 0.0 (6) / 0.0 (6) / —
Cusp 5
(ldp4) / 96.2 (26) / 100 (23) / 1 / 87.5 (8) / 100 (8) / 0.314 / 100 (6) / 100 (5) / —
Deflecting wrinkle
(ldp4) / 11.5 (26) / 0.0 (20) / 0.294 / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (3) / — / 16.7 (6) / 0.0 (4) / 0.333
Mid—trigonid crest
(ldp4) / 45.5 (22) / 30.0 (20) / 0.210 / 20.0 (5) / 75.0 (4) / 0.239 / 50.0 (6) / 50.0 (4) / 0.383
Distal trigonid crest
(ldp4) / 100 (24) / 95.5 (22) / 0.489 / 100 (7) / 88.9 (9) / 0.364 / 100 (7) / 100 (6) / —
Protostylid
(ldp4) / 0.0 (26) / 0.0 (23) / — / 14.3 (7) / 0.0 (7) / 0.311 / 0.0 (7) / 0.0 (6) / —
Division of hypoconulid
(ldp4) / 0.0 (26) / 0.0 (23) / — / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (6) / — / 0.0 (2) / 0.0 (1) / —
Division of entoconid
(ldp4) / 8.0 (25) / 0.0 (24) / 0.510 / 0.0 (7) / 12.5 (8) / 0.341 / 0.0 (6) / 0.0 (4) / —
Cusp 6
(ldp4) / 23.1 (26) / 36.4 (22) / 0.539 / 33.3 (6) / 66.7 (6) / 0.021 / 0.0 (2) / 0.0 (2) / —
Cusp 7
(ldp4) / 0.0 (25) / 0.0 (24) / — / 0.0 (7) / 0.0 (9) / — / 14.3 (7) / 16.7 (6) / 0.291
Fissure pattern
(ldp4) / 100 (25) / 100 (24) / — / 100 (7) / 100 (7) / — / 100 (7) / 100 (3) / —
Anterior fovea
(ldp4) / 100 (21) / 78.9 (19) / 0.096 / 100 (6) / 100 (6) / 0.444 / 50.0 (4) / 75.0 (4) / 0.816
Posterior fovea
(ldp4) / 32.0 (25) / 30.4 (23) / 1 / 40.0 (5) / 25.0 (4) / 0.255 / 100 (2) / 0.0 (1) / 0.473

P-values from Fisher’s exact tests comparing males and females within each taxonomic group. A P-value listed in bold (P < 0.02) indicates that males and females are significantly different.

Table S2 Percentage of male and female individuals of the Gorilla subspecies with traits at or above the presence threshold with sample size in parentheses

Gorilla gorilla gorilla / Gorilla beringei graueri
Male / Female / P-value / Female / Male / P-value
Transverse crest
(udp3) / 50.0 (24) / 26.9 (26) / 0.145 / 100 (2) / 100 (4) / —
Lingual cingulum
(udp3) / 3.8 (26) / 12.0 (25) / 0.350 / 33.3 (3) / 100 (3) / 0.357
Lingual cingulum
(udp4) / 66.7 (27) / 58.3 (24) / 0.575 / 100 (3) / 100 (5) / —
Buccal cingulum
(udp3) / 3.4 (29) / 7.7 (26) / 0.598 / 33.3 (3) / 0.0 (3) / 0.679
Buccal cingulum
(udp4) / 11.1 (27) / 8.0 (25) / 1 / 75.0 (4) / 80.0 (5) / 1
Crista obliqua
(udp4) / 92.6 (27) / 92.0 (25) / 1 / 100 (3) / 100 (5) / —
Cusp 5
(udp4) / 7.4 (27) / 4.0 (25) / 1 / 0.0 (4) / 20.0 (5) / 1
Anterior fovea
(udp4) / 58.6 (29) / 68.0 (25) / 0.576 / 33.3 (3) / 60.0 (5) / 0.714
Posterior fovea
(udp4) / 53.8 (26) / 87.0 (23) / 0.015 / 100 (3) / 100 (5) / —
Metaconid
(ldp3) / 92.9 (28) / 87.5 (24) / 0.652 / 75.0 (4) / 100 (5) / 0.273
Entoconid
(ldp3) / 85.7 (21) / 82.4 (17) / 1 / 75.0 (4) / 80.0 (5) / 1
Entoconid
(ldp4) / 100 (28) / 100 (26) / — / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Hypoconid
(ldp3) / 85.7 (28) / 87.0 (23) / 1 / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Hypoconid
(ldp4) / 100 (28) / 100 (26) / — / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Cusp 5
(ldp3) / 0.0 (29) / 3.8 (26) / 0.473 / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (5) / —
Cusp 5
(ldp4) / 100 (28) / 100 (26) / — / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Deflecting wrinkle
(ldp4) / 7.4 (27) / 0.0 (24) / 0.492 / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (5) / —
Mid-trigonid crest
(ldp4) / 96.3 (27) / 79.2 (24) / 0.088 / 66.7 (3) / 80.0 (5) / 0.190
Distal trigonid crest
(ldp4) / 100 (27) / 92.0 (25) / 0.226 / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Protostylid
(ldp4) / 69.2 (26) / 68.0 (25) / 1 / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Division of hypoconulid
(ldp4) / 0.0 (27) / 0.0 (24) / — / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (5) / —
Division of entoconid
(ldp4) / 0.0 (28) / 0.0 (25) / — / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (5) / —
Cusp 6
(ldp4) / 3.7 (27) / 4.3 (23) / 1 / 0.0 (4) / 0.0 (5) / —
Cusp 7
(ldp4) / 3.7 (27) / 8.0 (25) / 0.603 / 25.0 (4) / 0.0 (5) / 0.545
Fissure pattern
(ldp4) / 100 (28) / 100 (25) / — / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / —
Anterior fovea
(ldp4) / 96.3 (27) / 88.0 (25) / 0.341 / 100 (3) / 100 (4) / —
Posterior fovea
(ldp4) / 44.0 (25) / 78.3 (23) / 0.020 / 66.7 (3) / 40.0 (5) / 0.714

P-values from Fisher’s exact tests compare males and females within each taxonomic group. A P-values listed in bold (P < 0.02) indicate that males and females are significantly different.

Table S3 Percentage of individuals in geographic groups of Pan with traits at or above the presence threshold (Figs. 2–7) with sample sizes in parentheses

Degrees north / Degrees east / Species / Lingual cingulum
(Fig. 2) / Crista obliqua
(Fig. 3) / Anterior fovea
(Fig. 4) / Posterior fovea
(Fig.5) / Entoconid
(Fig. 6) / Posterior fovea
(Fig. 7)
4.83 / 9 / Ptt / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1)
4.5 / 10.5 / Ptt / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1)
3.75 / 11.5 / Ptt / 66.7 (3) / 100 (2) / 50 (2) / 100 (3) / 0 (1) / 50 (2)
3.75 / 12.25 / Ptt / 0 (2) / 50 (2) / 0 (2) / 50 (2) / 100 (1) / 0 (2)
3.75 / 14.25 / Ptt / 26.3 (38) / 57.5(40) / 44.2 (43) / 58.1 (43) / 44.1 (34) / 31 (42)
–0.5 / 15.33 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a
2.467 / 20.9 / Pts / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / n/a
3.4 / 23.25 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / n/a
1.15 / 23.65 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / 100 (1)
2.7833 / 24.833 / Pts / 40 (5) / 80 (5) / 80 (5) / 100 (3) / 66.7 (3) / 33.3 (3)
1 / 25 / Pts / 50 (2) / 50 (2) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 50 (2)
1.55 / 25.383 / Pts / 0 (9) / 88.9 (9) / 62.5 (8) / 88.9 (9) / 50 (2) / 100 (2)
–0.4 / 25.5 / Pts / 0 (5) / 80 (5) / 100 (4) / 100 (5) / 100 (1) / 100 (3)
0.4667 / 25.55 / Pts / 0 (6) / 100 (6) / 83.3 (6) / 83.3 (6) / 100 (3) / 20 (5)
0.5833 / 26.2167 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / n/a
–4.15 / 26.5 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / n/a
–4.216 / 27.1167 / Pts / 50 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (1) / n/a / 100 (1)
–4.7 / 27.7167 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1)
–1.667 / 27.833 / Pts / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1)
–5.233 / 27.883 / Pts / 50 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (1) / 0 (1)
2.25 / 28 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1)
1.25 / 28.5 / Pts / 0 (3) / 66.7 (3) / 66.7 (3) / 0 (2) / n/a / 0 (2)
2.283 / 28.683 / Pts / n/a / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a
–2.5 / 28.867 / Pts / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / n/a / n/a
–0.67 / 29.67 / Pts / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1)
0.267 / 21.9 / Pp / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / n/a / n/a
0.583 / 22.45 / Pp / 30 (10) / 75 (12) / 63.6 (11) / 100 (12) / 62.5 (8) / 75 (4)
1.03 / 23.267 / Pp / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / n/a
0.183 / 25.2 / Pp / n/a / 50 (2) / 0 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (1) / n/a
–0.4 / 25.5 / Pp / 21.4 (14) / 75 (8) / 0 (10) / 90.0 (11) / 100 (12) / 50 (6)

Groups are ordered from west to east. If there were no observable individuals in the geographic range, the frequency is n/a.

Table S4 Percentage of individuals in geographic groups of Gorilla with traits at or above the presence threshold (Figs. 8-12) with sample sizes in parentheses

Degrees north / Degrees east / Species / Transverse crest
(Fig. 8) / Lingual cingulum
(Fig. 9) / Lingual cingulum
(Fig. 10) / Buccal cingulum
(Fig. 11) / Mid-trigonid crest
(Fig. 12)
2.833 / 10.5 / Ggg / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1)
3.5 / 11.25 / Ggg / n/a / n/a / n/a / 0 (1) / 100 (1)
3.67 / 12.25 / Ggg / 0 (4) / 0 (4) / 60 (5) / 0 (5) / 100 (4)
3.75 / 13.75 / Ggg / 40 (10) / 0 (12) / 66.7 (12) / 0 (12) / 91.7 (12)
4 / 14 / Ggg / 50 (4) / 25 (4) / 33.3 (3) / 66.7 (3) / 75 (4)
4.25 / 14.25 / Ggg / 40 (25) / 12.5 (24) / 68 (25) / 12.5 (24) / 83.3 (24)
4.5 / 14.25 / Ggg / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1)
0.667 / 15 / Ggg / 20 (5) / 0 (5) / 50 (4) / 0 (5) / 100 (4)
–2.33 / 27.6 / Gbg / 100 (1) / n/a / 100 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1)
–2.467 / 28.783 / Gbg / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 100 (1) / 0 (1) / 0 (1)
–0.016 / 29.016 / Gbg / n/a / n/a / n/a / 100 (1) / n/a
–4.083 / 29.083 / Gbg / 100 (3) / 75 (4) / 100 (5) / 60 (5) / 100 (5)
–0.15 / 29.22 / Gbg / 100 (2) / 50 (2) / 100 (2) / 100 (2) / 50 (2)

Groups are ordered from west to east. If there were no observable individuals in the geographic range, the frequency is n/a.