Electronic Supplementary Material
Appendix 1
Observed bird species after Zimmermann et al. (1998), mammal species after Kingdon (1997), number of individuals observed feeding on fruits (N), body mass (Dunning 1993, Kingdon 1997) and weight classes (9 categories). Fruit consumption of some species (fruits/min) after Kirika et al. 2008a (in Ficus thonningii), Kirika et al. 2008b (in Celtis durandii) and Farwig et al. 2006 (in Prunus africana) and mean fruit consumption (fruits/min) per species and weight class (mean). Primates consumed more fruits per minute than birds (ANOVA: F 1,49 = 11.8, p < 0.01, R² = 0.83).
Animal species / fruits / minEnglish name / Latin name / N / mass / class / Ficthon / Celtis / Prunus / mean
African Penduline Tit / Anthoscopus caroli / 2 / 6.9 / 1
Turners Eremomela / Eremomela turneri / 5 / 7.5 / 1
Black-crowned Waxbill / Estrilda nonnula / 4 / 7.7 / 1
Uganda Woodland Warbler / Phylloscopus budongoensis / 25 / 8.2 / 1
Buff-throated Apalis / Apalis rufogularis / 14 / 8.7 / 1
Willow Warbler / Phylloscopus trochilus / 185 / 8.7 / 1 / 0.03 / 0.03
Olivaceous Warbler / Hippolais pallida / 13 / 9 / 1 / 0.73 / 0.18 / 0.46
White-breasted Negrofinch / Nigrita fusconotus / 4 / 9.1 / 1 / 0.65 / 0.65
Wood Warbler / Phylloscopus sibilatrix / 7 / 9.2 / 1
African Blue Flycatcher / Elminia longicauda / 3 / 9.9 / 1
Eastern Olive Sunbird / Cyanomitra olivacea / 1 / 10.25 / 1 / 0.95 / 0.95
Cassin's Honeybird / Prodotiscus insignis / 1 / 10.4 / 1
Yellow-fronted Canary / Serinus mozambicus / 12 / 10.6 / 1
African Yellow White-eye / Zosterops senegalensis / 136 / 10.9 / 1 / 0.41 / 0.42 / 0.42
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird / Pogoniulus bilineatus / 92 / 11.6 / 1 / 0.43 / 0.64 / 0.42 / 0.50
White-chinned Prinia / Schistolais leucopogon / 2 / 11.7 / 1
Green Hylia / Hylia prasina / 1 / 13.1 / 1
African Citril / Serinus citrinelloides / 16 / 13.2 / 1
African Paradise Flycatcher / Terpsiphone viridis / 2 / 13.25 / 1
Banded Prinia / Prinia bairdii / 1 / 13.4 / 1
Scarlet-chested Sunbird / Chalcomitra senegalensis / 2 / 13.6 / 1
Amethyst Sunbird / Chalcomitra amethystina / 1 / 13.7 / 1
Chestnut Wattle-eye / Platysteira castanea / 3 / 13.9 / 1
Green-headed Sunbird / Cyanomitra verticalis / 1 / 14.45 / 1
Common Redstart / Phoenicurus phoenicurus / 2 / 14.6 / 1
Brown-throated Wattle-eye / Platysteiria cyanea / 3 / 14.6 / 1
Common Whitethroat / Sylvia communis / 1 / 15.1 / 1
Black-faced Rufous Warbler / Bathmocercus rufus / 2 / 15.45 / 1
White-bellied Canary / Serinus dorsostriatus / 2 / 15.8 / 1
Blackcap / Sylvia atricapilla / 267 / 16.7 / 1 / 1.54 / 0.35 / 0.95
Grey-headed Negrofinch / Nigrita canicapillus / 9 / 17.45 / 1 / 0.6 / 0.60
Garden Warbler / Sylvia borin / 6 / 18.2 / 1
Mean class 1 / 1 / 0.57
Ansorge's Greenbul / Andropadus ansorgei / 4 / 18.7 / 2 / 0.48 / 0.89 / 0.69
Grey-winged Robin-Chat / Cossypha polioptera / 2 / 20.4 / 2
Cameroon Sombre Greenbul / Andropadus curvirostris / 32 / 20.6 / 2 / 0.87 / 0.79 / 0.66 / 0.77
White-bellied Tit / Melaniparus albiventris / 2 / 21.2 / 2
Toro Olive Greenbul / Phyllastrephus hypochloris / 33 / 23.25 / 2
Red-headed Bluebill / Spermophaga ruficapilla / 2 / 23.6 / 2 / 0.81
Little Greenbul / Andropadus virens / 10 / 25.1 / 2 / 0.76 / 0.92 / 0.8 / 0.83
Spectacled Weaver / Ploceus ocularis / 2 / 25.2 / 2
Dusky Tit / Melaniparus funereus / 25 / 25.4 / 2
Black-headed Weaver / Ploceus melanocephalus / 3 / 25.75 / 2
Common Bulbul / Pyconotus barbatus / 575 / 26.5 / 2 / 0.8 / 0.67 / 0.61 / 0.71
Black-necked Weaver / Ploceus nigricollis / 2 / 27.1 / 2 / 0.76 / 0.76
Brown-capped Weaver / Ploceus insignis / 3 / 27.5 / 2 / 0.18 / 0.18
Brown-chested Alethe / Alethe poliocephala / 5 / 28.1 / 2
Shelley's Greenbul / Andropadus masukuensis / 40 / 29.07 / 2 / 0.96 / 0.91 / 0.64 / 0.84
Slender-billed Greenbul / Andropadus graciliostris / 17 / 31.25 / 2 / 0.74 / 0.89 / 0.65 / 0.76
Beglafecht Weaver / Ploceus baglafect / 1 / 31.6 / 2
Black Cuckoo-shrike / Campephaga flava / 1 / 32.3 / 2
Cabani's Greenbul / Phyllastrephus cabanisi / 20 / 34.5 / 2 / 0.41 / 0.82 / 0.44 / 0.56
White-bowed Robin-chat / Cossypha heuglini / 1 / 34.9 / 2
Forest Weaver / Ploceus bicolor / 23 / 35.1 / 2 / 0.77 / 0.77
Snowy-headed Robin-chat / Cossypha niveicapilla / 1 / 36.7 / 2
Mean class 2 / 2 / 0.70
Yellow-spottet Barbet / Buccanodon duchaillui / 115 / 41.8 / 3 / 0.74 / 1 / 0.47 / 0.74
Violet-backed Starling / Cinnyricinclus leucogaster / 194 / 44 / 3 / 0.56 / 1.25 / 0.46 / 0.76
Honeyguide Greenbul / Baeopogon indicator / 14 / 45.85 / 3 / 1.09 / 1.1 / 0.63 / 0.94
Common Bristlebill / Bleda syndactylus / 7 / 46.15 / 3 / 1.12 / 1.12
Western Black-headed Oriole / Oriolus brachyrhynchus / 6 / 49.05 / 3 / 0.49 / 1.17 / 0.83
Joyful Greenbul / Chlorocichla laetissima / 90 / 50.2 / 3 / 1.31 / 0.85 / 0.96 / 1.04
Speckled Mousebird / Colius striatus / 10 / 51.1 / 3
Hairy-breasted Barbet / Tricholaema hirsuta / 8 / 55.2 / 3 / 1.46 / 0.86 / 1.48 / 1.46
Olive Thrush / Turdus olivaceus / 7 / 61.4 / 3
Grey-throated Barbet / Gymnobucco bonapartei / 35 / 63 / 3 / 0.83 / 1.1 / 0.66 / 0.86
African Thrush / Turdus pelios / 159 / 65.4 / 3 / 0.72 / 1.27 / 1.00
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul / Andropadus latirostris / 132 / 66.2 / 3 / 1.36 / 0.34 / 1.03 / 0.91
African Golden Oriole / Oriolus auratus / 1 / 66.2 / 3
Tambourine Dove / Turtur tympanistria / 9 / 73.6 / 3
Black Cuckoo / Cuculus clamosus / 6 / 79.5 / 3
Double-toothed Barbet / Lybius bidentatus / 2 / 79.5 / 3 / 0.61 / 0.61
Yellow-billed Barbet / Trachyphonuss purpuratus / 14 / 87.6 / 3 / 1.13 / 1.1 / 0.82 / 1.02
Mean class 3 / 3 / 0.94
Lemon Dove / Columba larvata / 2 / 155 / 4
African Green Pingeon / Treron calvus / 7 / 198.5 / 4
Crowned Hornbill / Tockus alboterminatus / 2 / 224.5 / 4
Ross's Turaco / Musophaga rossae / 6 / 375 / 4 / 1.35 / 1.35
Mean class 4 / 4 / 1.35
Red-legged Sun Squirrel / Heliosciurus rufobrachium / 21 / 325 / 5 / 1.35 / 1.35
Mean class 5 / 5 / 1.35
Black & White Casq. Hornbill / Ceratogymna subcylindrica / 125 / 1201 / 6 / 2.25 / 2.78 / 2.52
Mean class 6 / 6 / 2.52
Redtailed Monkey / Cercopithecus ascanius / 239 / 4000 / 7 / 1.23 / 3.5 / 1.64 / 2.12
Blue Monkey / Cercopithecus mitis / 291 / 6000 / 7 / 1.15 / 3.49 / 2.18 / 2.27
Mean class 7 / 7 / 2.20
Colobus Monkey / Colobus guereza / 111 / 11500 / 8 / 0.4 / 3.71 / 2.06
Mean class 8 / 8 / 2.06
Olive Baboon / Papio anubis / 9 / 20000 / 9
Mean class 7-9 / 9 / 2.15
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Appendix 2
Matrix of all animal species (in addition, for species that could not be determined, genus, marked by*, or weight class) observed feeding on fruits in all plant species. Values in cells are numbers of animals feeding on fruits.
Allophyllus / AntTox / Bridelia / Carissa / Casaeria / Cissus / Clero / Coffea / Culcasia / Cyphos / Draecena / FicEx / FicLut / FicSur / FicThon / Harungana / Jasmin / Maesa / Manilkara / Morus / Peponium / PipGui / Pitto / Polyscias / Prunus / Psychotria / Rhamnus / Solanum / Toddalia / TrilepisiumAfrican Penduline Tit / 1 / 1
Turners Eremomela / 2 / 3
Black-crowned Waxbill / 2 / 2
Uganda Woodland Warbler / 5 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 6 / 4 / 2
Buff-throated Apalis / 3 / 2 / 1 / 7 / 1
Willow Warbler / 12 / 2 / 2 / 30 / 3 / 39 / 4 / 1 / 4 / 82 / 6
Olivaceous Warbler / 1 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1
White-breasted Negrofinch / 1
Wood Warbler / 5 / 2
African Blue Flycatcher / 1 / 2
Olive Sunbird / 1
Cassin's Honeybird / 1
Yellow-fronted Canary / 2 / 1 / 2 / 7
African Yellow White-eye / 2 / 22 / 4 / 10 / 3 / 69 / 6 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 6 / 2 / 5
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird / 1 / 18 / 6 / 15 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 7 / 3 / 9 / 6 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 1
White-chinned Prinia / 2
Green Hylia / 1
African Citril / 14 / 2
African Paradise Flycatcher / 1 / 1
Banded Prinia / 1
Scarlet-chested Sunbird / 2
Amethyst Sunbird / 1
Chestnut Wattle-eye / 1 / 2
Green-headed Sunbird / 1
Common Redstart / 2
Common Wattle-eye / 3
Common Whitethroat / 1
Allophyllus / AntTox / Bridelia / Carissa / Casaeria / Cissus / Clero / Coffea / Culcasia / Cyphos / Draecena / FicEx / FicLut / FicSur / FicThon / Harungana / Jasmin / Maesa / Manilkara / Morus / Peponium / PipGui / Pitto / Polyscias / Prunus / Psychotria / Rhamnus / Solanum / Toddalia / Trilepisium
Black-faced Rufous Warbler / 2
White-bellied Canary / 2
Blackcap / 8 / 37 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 6 / 9 / 21 / 64 / 8 / 23 / 11 / 11 / 9 / 9 / 2 / 2 / 5 / 16 / 3 / 5 / 6 / 7
Grey-headed Negrofinch / 3 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 1
Garden Warbler / 1 / 1 / 4
Babbler * / 3
Tinkerbird* / 9 / 4
Warbler* / 1 / 5
White-Eye* / 3 / 1 / 7 / 1
weight class 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 2
Ansorge's Greenbul / 3 / 1
Grey-winged Robin / 2
Cameroon Sombre Greenbul / 2 / 1 / 1 / 6 / 7 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 1
White-bellied Tit / 2
Toro Olive Greenbul / 8 / 1 / 1 / 10 / 4 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Red-headed Bluebill / 2
Little Greenbul / 7 / 1 / 2
Spectacled Weaver / 2
Dusky Tit / 11 / 1 / 3 / 9 / 1
Black-headed Weaver / 3
Common Bulbul / 62 / 54 / 8 / 2 / 3 / 9 / 9 / 128 / 30 / 110 / 2 / 2 / 27 / 5 / 6 / 42 / 70 / 6
Black-necked Weaver / 2
Brown-capped Weaver / 2 / 1
Brown-chested Alethe / 2 / 3
Shelley's Greenbul / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 28 / 1 / 1 / 2
Slender-billed Greenbul / 1 / 3 / 3 / 6 / 1 / 3
Beglafecht Weaver / 1
Black Cuckoo-shrike / 1
Cabani's Greenbul / 3 / 1 / 3 / 5 / 8
White-browed Robin-chat / 4
Dark-backed Weaver / 4 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1
Snowy-headed Robin-chat / 1
Allophyllus / AntTox / Bridelia / Carissa / Casaeria / Cissus / Clero / Coffea / Culcasia / Cyphos / Draecena / FicEx / FicLut / FicSur / FicThon / Harungana / Jasmin / Maesa / Manilkara / Morus / Peponium / PipGui / Pitto / Polyscias / Prunus / Psychotria / Rhamnus / Solanum / Toddalia / Trilepisium
Greenbul * / 4 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 1
weight class 2 / 5 / 2 / 37 / 1 / 5 / 4
Yellow-Spottet Barbet / 13 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 26 / 10 / 59 / 1 / 1 / 2
Violet-backed Starling / 3 / 1 / 190
Honeyguide Greenbul / 7 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 1
Red-tailed Bristlebill / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3
W. Black-headed Oriole / 2 / 1 / 3
Joyful Greenbul / 22 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 4 / 9 / 15 / 2 / 12 / 6 / 2 / 4 / 2 / 3 / 1 / 1
Speckled Mousebird / 8 / 2
Hairy-breasted Barbet / 1 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 1
Olive Thrush / 1 / 6
Grey-throated Barbet / 9 / 1 / 4 / 1 / 19 / 1
African Thrush / 25 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 94 / 1 / 11 / 4 / 15
Yellow-Whiskered Greenbul / 1 / 1 / 21 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 21 / 9 / 33 / 6 / 2 / 6 / 7 / 5 / 2 / 3 / 2
African Golden Oriole / 1
Tambourine Dove / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 1
Black Cuckoo / 6
Double-toothed Barbet / 2
Yellow-billed Barbet / 3 / 6 / 5
Barbet * / 1
weight class 3 / 1 / 2 / 2
Lemon Dove / 2
African Green Pingeon / 5 / 2
Crowned Hornbill / 2
Ross's Turaco / 2 / 2 / 2
Red-legged Sun Squirrel / 1 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 6 / 7
Squirrel * / 1 / 1
Black & White Casq. Hornbill / 2 / 18 / 24 / 2 / 61 / 12 / 2 / 4
Red-tailed Monkey / 9 / 24 / 1 / 13 / 11 / 52 / 19 / 29 / 46 / 12 / 1 / 22
Blue Monkey / 16 / 20 / 5 / 34 / 19 / 28 / 35 / 36 / 27 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 67
Colobus Monkey / 11 / 15 / 3 / 50 / 5 / 12 / 9 / 1 / 5
Olive Baboon / 9
Appendix 3
Plant height [m], habitat of the plant (1= undisturbed primary forest, 2 = disturbed primary forest, 3 = old secondary forest, 4 = young secondary forest, 5 = grassland), crop size and ripeness of fruits in %, fruit lengths [mm], fruit diameter [mm], fresh fruit mass [g], fruit size index (FSI), husk thickness (1 = no protection, 2 = thin husk, 3 = thick husk/capsule), number of seeds [#], seed size index (SSI), infructescense (1 = single fruit, 2 = 1-10 fruits, 3 = 10-20 fruits, 4 = >20 fruits), peduncle (1 = peduncle, 2 = no peduncle), fruit colour according to human colour vision, content of water [%], sugar [%], phenols as equivalents of gallic acid [%], tannins as equivalents of catechin [%].
plant height / habitat / crop size / ripeness / fruit length / fruit diameter / fresh fruit mass / FSI / husk thickness / seeds / SSI / infructescense / peduncle / fruit colour / water / sugar / phenols / tanninsAllophyllus / 3 / 2.75 / 46 / 83 / 8 / 8 / 0.3 / -0.33 / 1 / 1 / 0.18 / 4 / 1 / red / 74 / 42 / 0.17 / 0.01
AntTox / 36 / 1 / 825 / 70 / 20 / 17 / 3.3 / 0.35 / 1 / 1 / 0.53 / 1 / 2 / red / 57 / 37 / 0.3 / 0.02
Bridelia / 17 / 3.75 / 1763 / 78 / 10 / 8 / 0.4 / -0.24 / 1 / 1 / 0.26 / 2 / 2 / violet / 68 / 50 / 0.23 / 0.01
Carissa / 4 / 3.75 / 183 / 74 / 11 / 11 / 0.8 / -0.11 / 1 / 1 / -0.20 / 1 / 1 / purple / 76 / 47 / 0.68 / 0.09
Casaeria / 19 / 1 / 800 / 48 / 20 / 15 / 2.5 / 0.29 / 2 / 9 / -0.02 / 1 / 1 / orange / 72 / 6 / 0.27 / 0.01
Cissus / 2 / 3.25 / 125 / 84 / 7 / 7 / 0.2 / -0.39 / 1 / 1 / 0.02 / 4 / 1 / violet / 79 / 25 / 0.52 / 0.07
Clero / 11 / 3 / 187 / 65 / 12 / 8 / 0.6 / 0.03 / 1 / 4 / 0.09 / 2 / 2 / orange / 58 / 25 / 0.18 / 0
Coffea / 3 / 1 / 37 / 83 / 11 / 9 / 0.5 / -0.17 / 2 / 2 / 0.31 / 1 / 2 / purple / 47 / 27 / 0.21 / 0
Culcasia / 2 / 1.5 / 44 / 93 / 12 / 9 / 0.5 / -0.16 / 1 / 1 / 0.27 / 3 / 1 / red / 63 / 26 / 0.33 / 0.01
Cyphos / 2 / 1 / 325 / 66 / 11 / 11 / 0.7 / -0.11 / 1 / 1 / 0.15 / 4 / 1 / red / 86 / 15 / 0.28 / 0.01
Draecena / 2 / 1 / 44 / 79 / 11 / 12 / 0.8 / -0.09 / 1 / 43 / 0.09 / 3 / 2 / orange / 78 / 24 / 0.22 / 0
FicEx / 33 / 1 / 9500 / 43 / 16 / 17 / 1.8 / 0.23 / 1 / 9 / -0.60 / 1 / 2 / red / 78 / 6 / 0.19 / 0.01
FicLut / 33 / 1 / 6775 / 60 / 23 / 22 / 4.6 / 0.76 / 1 / 408 / -0.50 / 1 / 2 / yellow / 80 / 0.5 / 0.28 / 0.11
FicSur / 34 / 1 / 2625 / 70 / 29 / 30 / 8.3 / 0.88 / 1 / 213 / -0.50 / 1 / 2 / red / 86 / 25 / 0.24 / 0.02
FicThon / 26 / 1.5 / 4450 / 43 / 14 / 13 / 1.1 / 0.03 / 1 / 60 / -0.54 / 1 / 2 / red / 78 / 10 / 0.59 / 0.52
Harungana / 15 / 3 / 235250 / 60 / 4 / 4 / 0.0 / -0.66 / 1 / 1 / -0.19 / 4 / 1 / orange / 18 / 48 / 0.08 / 0
Jasmin / 5 / 3.5 / 225 / 63 / 13 / 9 / 0.7 / -0.11 / 1 / 1 / 0.30 / 3 / 1 / purple / 65 / 15 / 0.77 / 0.01
Maesa / 6 / 4.75 / 17850 / 78 / 4 / 4 / 0.0 / -0.63 / 1 / 14 / -0.60 / 4 / 1 / white / 66 / 34 / 0.21 / 0.02
Manilkara / 33 / 1.3 / 1192 / 55 / 24 / 18 / 4.3 / 0.50 / 2 / 1 / 0.62 / 1 / 2 / orange / 56 / 23 / 0.51 / 0.06
Morus / 32 / 1 / 25875 / 56 / 15 / 12 / 0.9 / 0.00 / 1 / 43 / 0.09 / 2 / 1 / green / 81 / 9 / 0.45 / 0
Peponium / 9 / 3 / 19 / 41 / 75 / 39 / 48.6 / 1.65 / 3 / 245 / 0.01 / 1 / 2 / yellow / 87 / 25 / 0.22 / 0.01
PipGui / 12 / 1.5 / 57 / 33 / 8 / 8 / 0.3 / -0.33 / 1 / 1 / 0.00 / 4 / 2 / red / 75 / 9 / 0.2 / 0
Pitto / 4 / 3 / 975 / 59 / 8 / 8 / 0.3 / -0.33 / 1 / 4 / 0.09 / 3 / 1 / Red / 68 / 25 / 0 / 0
Polyscias / 18 / 2 / 106250 / 44 / 5 / 4 / 0.0 / -0.58 / 1 / 2 / -0.25 / 4 / 1 / black / 50 / 2 / 0.27 / 0.01
Prunus / 30 / 1 / 26950 / 38 / 10 / 11 / 0.6 / -0.16 / 1 / 1 / 0.32 / 3 / 1 / purple / 58 / 18 / 0.42 / 0.01
Psychotria / 1 / 2 / 151 / 73 / 8 / 6 / 0.2 / -0.39 / 1 / 2 / 0.00 / 4 / 1 / blue / 72 / 31 / 0.73 / 0.04
Rhamnus / 3 / 4.75 / 73 / 76 / 6 / 7 / 0.2 / -0.43 / 1 / 3 / -0.08 / 1 / 1 / black / 70 / 35 / 1.74 / 0.13
Solanum / 5 / 2 / 168 / 38 / 14 / 15 / 1.9 / 0.17 / 1 / 208 / -0.51 / 4 / 2 / yellow / 66 / 41 / 0.43 / 0
Toddalia / 21 / 1.5 / 500 / 28 / 8 / 10 / 0.5 / -0.23 / 1 / 3 / -0.03 / 2 / 1 / orange / 62 / 34 / 0.41 / 0.01
Trilepisium / 45 / 1 / 3912 / 71 / 28 / 18 / 4.1 / 0.55 / 1 / 1 / 0.67 / 1 / 1 / purple / 55 / 37 / 0.72 / 0.15
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