Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) s1

Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI)

Sample / ε / η
(cp) / pKa / Average diameter
(TEM)
(nm) / Average diameter
(XRD)
(nm)
ZnO_EtOH / 25.0 (25°C) / 0.504 (70°C)
1.2 (20°C) / 15.9 / 6±2 / 8±2
ZnO_Gly / 42.5 (25°C) / 629 (30°C)
1490 (20°C) / 14.15 / > 200 / 21±9
ZnO_Prop / 37.0 (20°C) / 3.02 (80°C)
19.9 (20°C) / 14.22 / 6±2 / 7±1
ZnO_H2O / 78.5 (25°C) / 0.3547 (80°C)
1.002 (20°C) / 15.75 / 20-200 / 31±9

Table 1 - Dielectric constants and viscosities and pKa values for the different solvents used for synthesis of nanostructured ZnO and corresponding average diameters as determined by TEM and XRD analyses.

Scheme 1 - Synthesis protocol for CuS nanoparticles in a carboxylic acid suspension

Sample / Target compound / Nominal Fe/M/acid molar ratio / pH / Base / TENOH / Vessel / Treatment / Purification / Crystallite size/nm
H-Co001 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration / 12±3
H-Co003 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Co004 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Co005 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Co006 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 160°C / Filtration
H-Co007 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation / 17±2
H-Co008 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Vial / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co009 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 7 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co010 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 10 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co012 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Vial / 2 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co013 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Vial / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co015 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 1 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co017 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co018-1 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 1 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co018-2 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 2 h; 135°C / Centrifugation / 18±3
H-Co018-4 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 4 h; 135°C / Centrifugation / 18±1
H-Co018-6 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 6 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co019 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 100°C / Centrifugation
H-Co020 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 75°C / Centrifugation
H-Mn002 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration / 20±4
H-Mn005 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 160°C / Filtration
H-Mn006 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Mn007 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation / 49±4
H-Mn008 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Mn009 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Mn011 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Mn012-1 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 1 h; / Centrifugation / 25±1
H-Mn012-2 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 2 h; / Centrifugation / 33±1
H-Mn012-4 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 4 h; / Centrifugation / 24±1
H-Mn013 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 100°C / Centrifugation / 36±2
H-Mn014 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 75°C / Centrifugation / 35±2
H-Mn015-4 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 4 h; / Centrifugation / 35±10
H-Ni002 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Ni006 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 160°C / Filtration
H-Ni007 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation / 47±2
H-Ni008 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Ni010 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Ni011-1 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 1 h; / Centrifugation / 10±1
H-Ni011-2 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 2 h; / Centrifugation / 34±1
H-Ni011-4 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 4 h; / Centrifugation / 20±1
H-Ni012 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 100°C / Centrifugation / 8±5
H-Ni013 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 75°C / Centrifugation / 10±1
H-Zn001 / ZnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 100°C / Centrifugation / 5±1
H-Zn002 / ZnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 75°C / Centrifugation / 4±1
H-Zn003-1 / ZnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 1 h; 75°C / Centrifugation
H-Zn003-2 / ZnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 2 h; 75°C / Centrifugation
H-Zn003-4 / ZnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 4 h; 75°C / Centrifugation / 4±1
H-Zn004 / ZnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation / 6±1

Table 2 - List of successful syntheses performed through hydrothermal protocol

Sample / Target compound / Nominal Fe/M/acid molar ratio / pH / Base / TENOH / Treatment vessel / Treatment / Purification
H-Co002 / CoFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Co011 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NH4OH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Co016 / CoFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NH4OH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Mg001 / MgFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Mg002 / MgFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Mg004 / MgFe2O4 / 2/1/4.5 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 160°C / Filtration
H-Mn001 / MnFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Mn003 / MnFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Mn004 / MnFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Mn010 / MnFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NH4OH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Ni001 / NiFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Ni003 / NiFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Ni004 / NiFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Ni005 / NiFeO3 / 1/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 160°C / Filtration
H-Ni009 / NiFe2O4 / 2/1/4 / 12 / NH4OH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Centrifugation
H-Sr001 / SrFeO3 / 1/1/2 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Sr002 / SrFe2O4 / 2/1/3 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 135°C / Filtration
H-Sr004 / SrFeO3 / 1/1/2 / 12 / NaOH / 0.2 ml / Bomb / 24 h; 160°C / Filtration

Table 3 - List of unsuccessful syntheses performed through hydrothermal protocol

Sample / Target compound / Surfactant / Main phase / Dopant / Metal/Dopant ratio / Crystallite size/nm
Ca_mix / Ca(OH)2 / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Portlandite / - / - / 40
Ca_Eu_mix / Ca(OH)2:Eu / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Portlandite / Eu(NO3)3.5H2O / 20:1 / 36
Ca_Sm_mix / Ca(OH)2:Sm / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Portlandite / Sm(CH3COO)3•xH2O / 20:1 / 38
Mg_mix / Mg(OH)2 / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Brucite / - / - / 15
Mg_Eu_mix / Mg(OH)2:Eu / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Brucite / Eu(NO3)3.5H2O / 20:1 / 12
Mg_Sm_mix / Mg(OH)2:Sm / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Brucite / Sm(CH3COO)3•xH2O / 20:1 / 11
Mg_ Tb_mix / Mg(OH)2:Tb / Brij52:Igepal CO-630 3:1 / Brucite / Tb(NO3)3•5H2O / 20:1 / 8
Mg_span / Mg(OH)2 / Span 80 / Brucite / - / - / 11
Mg_Eu_span / Mg(OH)2:Eu / Span 80 / Brucite / Eu(NO3)3.5H2O / 20:1 / 20
Mg_Sm_span / Mg(OH)2:Sm / Span 80 / Brucite / Sm(CH3COO)3•xH2O / 20:1 / 21
Mg_Tb_span / Mg(OH)2:Tb / Span 80 / Brucite / Tb(NO3)3•5H2O / 20:1 / 12

Table 4 - List of successful hydroxides synthesis

Sample / Target compound / Reagent 1 / Reagent 2 / Dopant / Metal/Dopant ratio / Crystallite size/nm
ZnO / ZnO / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / - / - / 26 ± 4 nm
ZnO:Ag 50:1 / ZnO:Ag 50:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / AgNO3 / 50:1 / 37 ± 4 nm
ZnO:Ag 20:1 / ZnO:Ag 20:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / AgNO3 / 20:1 / -
ZnO:Co 50:1 / ZnO:Co 50:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / CoCl2.6H2O / 50:1 / 37 ± 5 nm
ZnO:Co 20:1 / ZnO:Co 20:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / CoCl2.6H2O / 20:1 / -
ZnO:Cu 50:1 / ZnO:Cu 50:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / CuCl2.2H2O / 50:1 / 32 ± 3 nm
ZnO:Cu 20:1 / ZnO:Cu 20:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / CuCl2.2H2O / 20:1 / -
ZnO:Eu 50:1 / ZnO:Eu 50:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / Eu(NO3)3.5H2O / 50:1 / 33 ± 4 nm
ZnO:Eu 20:1 / ZnO:Eu 20:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / Eu(NO3)3.5H2O / 20:1 / -
ZnO:Mg 50:1 / ZnO:Mg 50:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / Mg(NO3)2.6H2O / 50:1 / 40 ± 4 nm
ZnO:Mn 50:1 / ZnO:Mn 50:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / Mn(NO3)2 / 50:1 / 39 ± 3 nm
ZnO:Mn 20:1 / ZnO:Mn 20:1 / Zn(NO3)2.6H2O / NaOH / Mn(NO3)2 / 20:1 / -

Table 5 - List of synthesized doped ZnO nanostructures