Normal Values for Echocardiographic Measurements and Hemodynamic Readings

Examples in Alphabetical order:Note - values may differ slightly at different institutions.

AAA Rupture Risk / < 4 cm / 0% /yr
4 to 5 cm / 0.5 – 5% /yr
5 to 6 cm / 3 – 15% /yr
6 to 7 cm / 10 – 20% /yr
7 to 8 cm / 20 – 40% /yr
> 8cm / 30 – 50% /YR
Aortic Regurgitation (AR) / Normal velocity / 3 – 5 m/sec
PHT by CW / Mild > 400 msec
Mod 250 – 400 msec
Severe < 250 msec
Vena Contracta / Mild < 0.3
Severe > 0.6 cm
Jet width / Mild < 25%
Severe > 65%
Regurgitant volume / Mild < 30
Moderate 30 -59
Severe >60
Regurgitant fraction / Mild < 30
Moderate 30 - 49
Severe > 50
EROA / Mild < 0.1
Moderate 0.1 – 0.29
Severe >0.3
Aortic Stenosis (AS) / AVA / Normal > 2cm2
Mild 1.5 - 2
Moderate 1.1 – 1.5
Mod severe 0.7 - 1
Severe < 0.7
PGs / Normal < 20 mmhg
Mild 20 - 40
Moderate 40 - 80
Severe > 80 mmhg
Mean PGs / Mild < 30 mmhg
Moderate 30 – 50
Severe > 50 mmhg
Velocity / Mild < 3 cm/sec
Moderate 3 – 4
Severe > 4 cm/sec
BSA (body surface area) / males / 134 gm/m2
females / 110 gm/m2
Cardiac Index (CI) / CO/BSA
Cardiac Output (CO) / SV x HR / Normal 4 – 6 L/min
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) / Readmission rate / 22.6% /yr
5 yr mortality rate / 50%
Sleep apnea rate / 45 – 55 %
Atrial fibrillation / 20%
Coronary Artery / Right dominant circulation / 80%
Left dominant / 20%
CRT Requirements / Criteria / Symptomatic
Wide QRS > 130msec
EF < 35%
Diameters / Aortic annulus / 1.4 – 2.6 cm
Sinus of Valsalva / 2.1 – 3.9 cm
Sinotubular junction / 1.7 – 3.4 cm
Ascending aorta / 2.2 – 4 cm
Transverse arch / 2.2 – 3 cm
Descending aorta / 1.8 – 2.4 cm
LA / 2.3 – 3.8 cm
Giant LA / > 8 cm
MV annulus Plax / 1.8 – 3.4 cm
MV annulus 4ch / 1.9 – 3.1 cm
MV annulus 2ch / 2 – 2.7 cm
LVEDd / 3.5 – 6 cm
LVESd / 2.1 – 4 cm
Fractional shortening / 25 – 46 %
IVS / 6 – 11 mm
PW / 6 – 11 mm
LVID / 37 – 53 mm
LVIS / 23 – 36 mm
RVID / 25 – 38 mm
TV annulus / 1.7 – 2.8 cm
PV annulus / 1.1 – 2.2 cm
Right pulmonary artery / 1.4 – 2.7 cm
Coronary artery SAX / 2- 4 mm
Coronary sinus / 3 – 8 mm
IVC proximal / 12 – 23 mm
IVC distal / 11 – 25 mm
Hepatic vein / 6 – 11 mm
Diastolic Function / E/A ratio / 1.1 – 1.5
Impaired < 1.0
Pseudonormal 1.1 – 1.5
Restricted > 2.0
MV E / Normal 0.7 – 1.2
Abn relaxation < 0.5 m/sec
Restricted > 1.2
MV A / Normal 0.4 – 0.8
Abn relaxation > 0.8
Restricted < 0.3 m/sec
DT slope Normal / 167 - 240
c Valsalva / Preserved E/A ratio
Abnormal relaxation / > 240
c Valsalva / No change in E/A
Pseudonormal / 160 - 240
c Valsalva / E/A ratio reversal
Restricted / < 150
c Valsalva / Reduced or reversed E/A
Fixed restricted
c Valsalva / No response to preload reduction
IVRT over 40 yrs / 76 +/- 13 msec
Under 40 / 69 +/- 12 msec
Impaired >90
Restricted < 60
Pul veins Normal / S wave 0.3 – 0.66
D wave 0.3 – 0.7
A reversal < 35 cm/sec
Pseudonormal / A reversal > 35
> 30 of MV A duration
Restricted / As pseudo
Ebsteins Criteria / > 8 mm/m2 (BSA)
ECG / Anterior MI / V1, V2, V3, V4
Lateral MI / I, AVL, V5, V6
Inferior MI / II, III, AVF
RV MI / V4R
Posterior MI / V1, V2, V8, V9
Ejection Fraction (EF) / Normal / 55 – 65 %
Mildly reduced / 45 – 55 %
Moderately reduced / 35 – 45 %
Grade 4 / < 35%
Eisenmengers / RVSP / > 120 mmhg
EPSS / Normal / 5 – 7 mm
Abnormal / > 10 mm
ERO / Grade 1 / < 10 mm2
Grade 2 / 10 – 25
Grade 3 / 25 – 35
Grade 4 / > 35 mm2
Hypoglycemia / Glucose reading / < 4
INR / Normal / 1.2
With therapy / 2 - 3
IVCCRI (cavity respiratory index) / < 20 mm & collapses
> 50% with sniff / RAP 3 - 5
< 20 mm & collapses
< 50% with sniff / RAP 8 -10
> 20 mm & collapses
< 50% with sniff / RAP 15
> 20 mm diameter & no collapse / RAP 20
Ventilated patients / Use CVP
< 12 mm diameter / RAP < 10
Unable to sniff / IVC diameter with m-mode & respirometer on
20% decrease = 50% with sniff
JVP / 2 – 4 cm
LA pressure / Normal / 4 – 12 mmhg
Increased pressure / > 12 mmhg
LA EF < 30%
Increased pressure / > 20 mmhg
MV E wave > 1.5 m/sec without MS or MR
Increased PAP
LVSF abnormal
With PFO or ASD / 4 x (peak shunt vel)2 + RAP
LVEDP / Normal / 3 – 12 mmhg
Abnormal / > 20 mmhg
MV DT < 140 msec
Shortened IVRT <60
Pul vein A reversal peak vel > 35 cm/s
Pul vein A reversal flow duration > 30 msec
LVSP / Normal / 100 – 140 mmhg
LV Mass Index / Normal males / 50 – 102 g/m2
females / 44 – 88 g/m2
LVOT Obstruction / > 50 mmhg
Mitral Valve / Avge velocity / 0.9 ( 0.6 – 1.3 )
VTI / 10 – 13 cm
Mitral Regurgitation / Normal / 4 – 6 m/sec
Moderate to severe / MV E wave > 2.5
Rule of 4-7 for severe MR / ERO 4
Regurgitant fraction >50
Regurg volume > 60
Vena contracta > 7
Central jet / Mild < 20% of LA
Severe > 40% of LA
Regurgitant volume / Mild < 30
Moderate 30 - 59
Severe > 60
Regurgitant fraction / Mild < 30%
Moderate 30 – 50 %
Severe > 50%
EROA / Mild 0.2
Moderate 0.2 – 0.39
Severe > 0.40
MV E wave / > 1.2 cm2
Mitral Stenosis / MVA / Normal > 3.4 cm2
Mild > 2 cm2
Moderate 1.5 – 2 cm2
Moderate to severe 1 – 1.5 cm2
Severe < 1cm2
PHT / Normal < 100 msec
Mild 100 - 150
Moderate 150 - 200
Severe > 220 msec
MPG / Mild 5 mmhg
Moderate 6 – 12
Severe > 12 mmhg
MPI / Grade 1 / < 0.4%
Grade 2 / 0.4 – 0.6
Grade 3 / 0.6 – 1
Grade 4 / > 1 %
MV Scallops / Anterior leaflet / A1, A2, A3
Posterior leaflet / P1, P2, P3
5ch view / A1, P1
4ch view / A2, P2
4ch angled posteriorly / A3, P3
TEE 2ch view / P3, A2, P1
TEE LAA view / P3, A2, A1
Noncompaction / Ratio of noncompacted to compacted wall thickness at end systole / > 2:1
Pericardial Effusion / Mild / < 1 cm separation = 300 ml fluid
Moderate / 1 to 2 cm = 500 ml
Severe / > 2 cm = > 700 ml
Pericarditis - Constriction / Septal motion / Respiratory shift
MV E/A ratio / > 1.5
MV DT / < 160
MV inflow resp variation / present
Hepatic Doppler / Inspiratory diastolic flow reversal
Mitral septal annulus e’ / > 7 cm/sec
Mitral lateral annulus e’ / Lower than septal e’
PISA / Grade 1 radius diameter / < 4 mm
Grade 2 / 5 – 7 mm
Grade 3 / 8 – 10 mm
Grade 4 / > 10 mm
Radius > 10 = / ERO > 35 mm2
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) / systolic / 15 – 30 mmhg
mean / 9 – 18 mmhg
PAEDP / 4 – 12 mmhg
Pulmonary Stenosis / PPG / Normal < 5
Mild 5 - 30
Moderate 30 - 64
Severe > 64 mmhg
Pulse Pressure / Syst B/P - Diast B/P
Pulse Alternans / ECG alternating signal size / Tamponade, end stage CHF, LV dysf
QP:QS Ratio / For significant shunts / 1.5:1
Restrictive CM / Septal motion / Normal
Mitral E/A ratio / > 1.5
Mitral DT / < 160
Mitral inflow respiratory variation / absent
Hepatic vein Doppler / Expiratory diastolic flow
RA Pressure / Normal / 2 – 8 mmhg
Increased / Dilated IVC and hepatic veins
Dilated Coronary sinus
Bowing of IAS to the left
RA size increased
CW of TR velocity dagger shaped
E/A TV ratio > 1:1
Decreased RV IVRT < 54
RVEDP / Normal / 2 – 8 mmhg
RV SP / Normal / 15 – 30 mmhg
RVSP for HTN / Normal / 15 – 30 mmhg
Mild / 30 - 40
Moderate / 40 - 70
Severe / > 70 mmhg
Stroke volume (SV) / Normal / 70 ml
Tricuspid Regurgitation / Normal velocity / 2.5 m/sec
Jet area / Mild < 5
Moderate 5 - 10
Severe > 10
Vena Contracta / Severe > 0.7
PISA radius / Mild < 0.5
Moderate 0.6 – 0.9
Severe > 0.9
Tricuspid Stenosis / TVA Normal / 7 – 9 cm2
Stenosis / < 2cm2
MPG / Mild < 2 mmhg
Moderate 2-6
Severe > 6 mmhg
VTI / AV / 18 - 22
MV / 10 - 13