Cell structure
Bacteria have very simple cells called “prokaryotic” cells. All other organisms ( plants, fungi, animals, protists ) have more complicated “eukaryotic” cells.
A)Web site name: The Biology Project
Web URL:
Read “Eukaryotics”
1).What is the glycocalyx? ______
2).What is the function of ribosomes? ______
3).What are two functions of the Golgi body? ______
4).What are two functions of lysosomes? ______
5).What is the function of mitochondria? ______
6).What are “cristae”? ______
7).What are two unusual features of chloroplasts and mitochondria? ______
8).What does this suggest about the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria? ______
B)Web site name: Economist magazine(Note: if it says you have reached your article limit, just clear your browser cache)
Web URL:
Read “Cell free biotech will make for better products”.
9).What is a ribosome’s job? ______
______
10).What “useful chemicals” can be engineered from ribosomes and proteins?
______
11).What is one advantage of getting rid of the cells? ______
______
12).Which gut bacteria is used in this system? ______
13).What is the name of the enzymes that eat up the fragmented DNA? ______
14).Which energy-carrying molecule powers the process of making proteins? ______
15).How many proteins can be processed in parallel? ______
16).What do tubes which flash brightly indicate? ______
______
17).Which disease will STRO-001 treat? ______
18).Why does GreenLight want to make an undigestible analogue of ribose?______
19).How long ago was beer invented? ______
C)Web site name: Cells Alive (Nucleus)
Web URL:
Click on “Start the Animation” then “Animal Cell”, then click on “Nucleus”
20).What is the nucleus surrounded by? ______
21).How does the nucleus communicate?______
22).Why is a liver cell different from a muscle cell? ______
Click on “Nucleolus”
23).What does the nucleolus produce? ______
D)Web site name: Cells Alive (Animation)
Web URL:
Click on “Start the Animation” then “Animal Cell”, then “Mitochondria”
24).What is the function of mitochondria?______
______
______
25).What is one similarity between the mitochondria and nucleus? ______
26).Why are the cristae folded? ______
27).What is the primary energy source for the cell? ______
Click on “Cell membrane”
28).What does “hydrophilic” mean? ______
29).What color are the proteins in the diagram? ______
30).Which ions move through the proteins? ______
Click on “Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum”
31).The ER is a continuation of ______
32).What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells? ______
33).What is the function of smooth ER in liver cells? ______
Click on “Cytoskeleton”
34)What is the primary importance of the cytoskeleton?
______
35)What color are the stress fibers stained in the photograph? ______
Click on one more organelle listed near the bottom of the screen.
36) Which organelle did you click on? ______
37) Summarize the information about this organelle:
______
E)Web site name: Economist magazine(Note: if it says you have reached your article limit, just clear your browser cache)
Web URL:
Read “Towards a body on a chip”
38) How would the test for a new drug “normally” be carried out?
______
39) Apart from the “liver-on-a-chip” which two other organs are currently being produced by groups from Harvard University and the University of California?
______
40) How many “tiny livers” does each liver chip contain? ______
41) How does the lung-on-a-chip stretch and relax the cells, to mimic breathing?
______
42) Do see any ethical concerns with having human heart cells “beating on their own at 55 – 80 beats per minute”? ______
______
43) Why is the military interested in having 10 organs on a body chip?
______
44) What are a couple of hurdles that still need to be overcome? ______
______