PARAVATHANENI BRAHMAYYA
SIDDHARTHA COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
(An Autonomous college in the jurisdiction of Krishna University)
Re-accredited at the level ‘A’ by the NAAC
Department of Zoology
A PROJECT REPORT ON
HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF FRESH WATER FISH PONDS
Submitted by
III BZC
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF HOD, ZOOLOGY
PARAVATHANENI BRAHMAYYA
SIDDHARTHA COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
(An Autonomous college in the jurisdiction of Krishna University)
Re-accredited at the level ‘A’ by the NAAC
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF FRESH WATER FISH PONDS” is bonafide project report carried out by final BZC student submitted to the Department of Zoology P.B. SIDDHARTHA COLLEGE OF ARTS &SCIENCE, Vijayawada for the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science during the year 2014-2015.
Project Guide Head of the Department
DECLARATION
We declare that the dissertation entitled “HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF FRESH WATER FISH PONDS” is done by me under the supervision of our project guide Ch. Venkateswarulu, HOD, Zoology in partial fulfillment of dissertation under B. Sc., Degree Course in P.B. SIDDARTHA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, VIJAYAWADA-10 and the same has not been submitted by in part or whole to any other University for the award of any other degree. Further we state that this is an original piece of work, which has not submitted for publication in any magazine or journal.
(Kouser jahan)
DURATION OF THE PROJECT
I have carried out this project work under the guidance of Ch. Venkateswarulu, HOD, Zoology, P.B. Siddartha College of Arts and Science, Vijayawada-10. This investigatory project was taken up in III rd B. Sc., in the academic year 2014-15.
Acknowledgement
Above all, we express our gratitude to Almighty god for giving us the strength, energy to carry out this project work. We would like to express our gratitude and admiration to Ch.Venkateswarlu, HOD, Zoology, PB Siddhartha College of Arts & Sciences, Vijayawada for his suggestion, careful guidance, sincere help, constructive criticism and valuable time without which we would not have been able to complete this work. He had been very enthusiastic and supportive in our project work.
We would like to extend our cordial gratitude to Dr. K.S .Prasad Department of Zoology, PB Siddhartha College of Arts and Sciences, Vijayawada, for his constant inspiration and whole-hearted co-operation. We would also like to take the opportunity to express our whole hearted gratitude to our fellow project friends, near and dear ones who offered encouragement, information, inspiration and assistance during the period of constructing the project report.We are thankful to the laboratory instructors for their kind support during the laboratory work.
We express our sincere gratitude to our cari ng parents for their support, inspiration and guiding us in our path, including in our project.
KOUSER JAHAN
121512
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHOD
COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
MORPHOMETRY
PHYSIOGRAPHY
ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
TOTAL HARDNESS
ALKALINITY
TOTAL PH
SALINITY
CHLORIDES
RESULTS
CONCLUTION
Hydrological study of Fresh Water FISH Ponds At Mangalgiri Rural
Village, Nulakapeta, Guntur Dist, Andhrapradesh.
METERTION OF THE STUDENTS IN PBSC
Data collected by KOUSER JAHAN IIIRD BSc.BZC
INTRODUCTION
Andhra Pradesh is the fifth biggest state of India. Andhra Pradesh is considered to be important states in the consumption and production of fishes. Due to the high cost involved in cultivation and agriculture practices and due to commercialism, consumption strategies the farmers of Andhra Pradesh are shifting to the new type of practices to solve the problem of food production i.e the aqua culture ponds. The Krishna River is Perennial River and is one of the largest river in India. The Krishna River and its tributes flow through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
Water is one of the most important and abundant compounds of the ecosystem. All living organisms on the earth need water for their survival and growth. As of now only earth is the planet having about 70 % of water. But due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made activity it is highly polluted with different harmful contaminants. Therefore it is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. It is difficult to understand the biological phenomenon fully because the chemistry of water revels much about the metabolism of the ecosystem and explain the general hydro - biological relationship. water causes water born disease which has led to the death of millions of people. People on globe are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil. These are related to animal and plants and finally affecting on it. Industrial development results in the generation of industrial effluents, and if untreated results in water, sediment and soil pollution. Having mainly excessive amounts of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr and Fe, as well as heavy metals from industrial processes are of special concern because they produce water or chronic poisoning in aquatic animals. High levels of pollutants mainly organic matter in river water cause an increase in biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and fecal coli form. They make water unsuitable for drinking, irrigation or any other use. There are trends in developing countries to use sewage effluent as fertilizer has gained much importance as it is considered a source of organic matter and plant nutrients and serves as good fertilizer. Farmers are mainly interested in general benefits, like increased agriculture production, low cost water source, effective way of effluent disposal, source of nutrients, organic matter etc, but are not well aware of its harmful effects like heavy metal contamination of soils, crops and quality problems related to health. Research has proven that long term use of this sewage effluent for irrigation contaminates soil and crops to such an extent that it becomes toxic to plants and causes deterioration of soil. This contains considerable amount of potentially harmful substances including soluble salts and heavy metals like Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+. Additions of these heavy metals are undesirable. Plants can accumulate heavy metals in their tissues in concentrations above the permitted levels which is considered to represent a threat to the life of humans, and animals feeding on these crops and may lead to contamination of food chain, as observed that soil and plants contained many toxic metals, that received irrigation water mixed with industrial effluent. The quality of ground water depends on various chemical constituents and their concentration, which are mostly derived from the geological data of the particular region. Industrial waste and the municipal solid waste have emerged as one of the leading cause of pollution of surface and ground water. In many parts of the country available water is rendered non-potable because of the presence of heavy metal in excess. The situation gets worsened during the summer season due to water scarcity and rain water discharge. Contamination of water resources available for household and drinking purposes with heavy elements, metal ions and harmful microorganisms is one of the serious major health problems. The recent research in Haryana (India) concluded that it is the high rate of exploration then its recharging, inappropriate dumping of solid and liquid wastes, lack of strict enforcement of law and loose governance are the cause of deterioration of ground water quality.
The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. Natural water contains different types of impurities are introduced in to aquatic system by different ways such as weathering of rocks and leaching of soils, dissolution of aerosol particles from the atmosphere and from several human activities, including mining, processing and the use of metal based materials.
Materials and method
2.1 Study area
Four ponds in the Mangalgiri region of Guntur district was selected. The water and soil samples were analyzed for pH, Conductivity, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides and heavy metals will be studied by using standard procedures. Comparisons were made with standards of water and soil quality for the pond aquaculture by determining the water quality before and after seedling.
Collection of sample
In order to determine the water quality index four ponds were chosen for sample collection form the Mangalgiri mandal during my study period. The sampling locations are located in different areas of near Mangalgiri. Some of the results were recorded at the sampling stations whereas the others were recorded in the laboratory.
I. Morphometry:
The ponds are almost square in shape with an extent of 1.0 acres above and theyare surrounded by small herbs and shrubs on all sides. There are no trees giving shade to the pond. Hence the sunlight will fall directly on the pond water, so that the water is subjected to diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Consequently, the conditions, the conditions of living organisms also vary. The area of the pond is roughly. The depth of the pond is about 7 feet and varies according to the seasons. In the rainy season, the depth of the pond is 10 feet, in winter months, it is about 8 feet and in summer, it is about 6 feet. There is s continuous flow of water through inlets or outlets. The means by which the pond gets water into it is by Rainsand Krishna water through its irrigation canals . The level of the ponds are decreases not only due to seasonal variations but also due to drinking of water by the cattle and other animals that move around and, away. The surface area of the pond is sufficient. However the nature of the pond denotes that if it is not influenced by human beings because it is situated away from the human inhabitants.
Physiography:
Light supply varies very much and is dependent upon the time of the day. One of the physical factors which has profoundous effect on the life of the ponds are temperature. Temperature variations are tremendously great in the small water bodies like ponds, when compared to oceans. When the trees are situated on its bank, naturally leaves fall into the water and gradually purification takes place. As a result the chemical nature of the pond is influenced to certain extent and dissolved nutrients are more in that condition. Such type of purification process is absent in this pond. As a results dissolved salts are very low. A glance at the ponds, reveals that it is dominated by Frogs and during rainy season by leeches.
Equipment And Method Of Collection:
Apparatus and Chemicals needed:
[1] B.O.D. bottles 300 ml – 4 Nos.
[2] Winchester bottle – 2 litres – 2 Nos.
[3] Plankton net
[4] Thermometer
[5] pH paper book
[6] Winkler’s ‘A’ and ‘B’ reagents
1.ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Outline of the methods – The dissolved oxygen in the sample oxidizes manganous hydroxide to manganic hydroxide to manganic hydroxide which, oxidizes iodide to free iodine in an acid medium. The iodine liberated is determined by titration.
Inference – the method given here is most suitable for waters containing not more than 1mg/1 of ferrous iron. Other reducing or oxidizing materials should be absent. If 1ml of potassium fluoride solution is added before acidifying the sample and there is little delay in titrating, the method is also applicable in the presence of 100 to 200 mg/1 of ferric iodine
REAGENTS:-
Manganous sulphate solution, - Dissolved 480g of manganous sulphate (MnSo4H2O) in distilled water, filter and dilute to 1litre. The solution should liberate not more than a trace of iodine when added to an acidified solution of potassium iodide.
Iodide:- Azide reagent – Dissolved 500g of sodium hydroxide for 700g of potassium hydroxide and 135g of sodium iodide in distilled water and dilute to 1 litre. The reagent should not give a colour with starch solution when diluted and acidified. Dissolved 10g of sodium azide in 40ml of distilled water and add to 950ml of the first solution, with constant stirring.
Concentrated sulphuric acid – approximately 36N. One milli litre of the acid is equivalent to about 3ml of iodide azide reagent.
Standard sodium thiosulphate solution- exactly 0.025 X. freshly standardized against potassium dichromate. One milli litre of this solution is equivalent to 0.2 mg of oxygen
Starch Indicator solution – same as in 21.1.2
PROCEDURE – To the sample as collected in a 250 to 300 ml bottle add 2ml of manganous sulphate solution, followed by 2ml of iodide azide reagent well below the surface of the liquid. Stopper with care to exclude air hubbies completely and mixed by inverting the bottle several time. When the precipitate settles leaving a clear supernatant above the manganese hydroxide floe, repeat the shaking a second time. When settling has produced at least 100ml of clear supernatant careful. Remove the stopper and immediately add 2.0 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid allowing the acid to run down the neck of the bottle. Re-stopper and mix by gentle inversion until solution is complete. The iodine should be uniformly distributed throughout the bottle before decanting the amount needed for titration. This should correspond to 200ml of original sample after correction has been made for the loss of sample by displacement with the reagents. Thus when a total of 4ml, 2ml each of the manganous sulphate solution and the iodide azide reagent is added to a 300ml bottle the volume taken for titration should be
200 x 300/300-4 =203ml
Titrate with standard sodium thiosulphate solution to a pale straw colour. Add 1 to 2ml of starch solution and continue the titration to the first disappearance of the blue colour. Subsequent recolourations due to the catalytic effect of nitrites or to the presence of traces of ferric salts which have not formed fluoride complexes should be disregarded.
Calculation
Dissolved oxygen, mg/1=V
Where V= volume in ml of standard sodium thiosulphate solution used in the titration.
If the results are to be expressed in terms of milliliters of oxygen gas at 0oc and 760mm pressure the dissolved oxygen content in terms of mg/1 should be multiplied by 0.698.
Expression of results m terms of percent saturation to express the results in terms of percent saturation at 700m pressure. I lie solubility value which is calculated by the method given in 50.4.3.1 may be used.
The soluability of dissolvedoxygen in distilled water at an atmospheric pressure P mm. temperature toC, and saturated vapour pressure //. For the given temperature toc shall be calculated between the temperatures 0 and 30oc by equation (a) and between te temperatures 30 and 50oc by equation (b).
• Solubility (ml of dissolved oxygen per litre of water)
=0.678(p-u)/(35+l)
• Solubility (ml of dissolved oxygen per litre of water)
=0.827(p-u)/(49+l)
OXYGEN ABSORBED IN 4 HOURS
Outline of the method – this is determined by estimating the amount of standard potassium permanganate solution consumed by the sample in 4hours under specified conditions.
Test temperature – this determination shall be carried out at a temperature of 37o c.
Reagents : Stock potassium permanganate solution – dissolve 8.951g of potassium permanganate in distilled water and make up to 1000ml. this solution shall be kept in the dark and its strength shall be checked periodically. Standard potassium permanganate solution N/80. This solution shall be prepared immediately before use by suitable dilution of stock potassium permanganate solution. One milliliter of this solution is equivalent to 0.1mg of oxygen.
Dilute sulphuric acid – add slowly 50ml of concentrated sulphuric acid to 130ml of distilled water cool and make up to 200ml with distilled water. Add standard permanganate solution until a very faint pink colour persists after 4hours.
POND – 1:
S.no / Value of given sample / Burette readingsInitial / final / Value of hypo
1. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.10 / 0.10
2. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.10 / 0.10
3. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.10 / 0.10
4. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.11 / 0.11
= 0.11*0.25*8*1000/50ml
=4.4mg/02/lit.
POND -2:
S.no / Value of given sample / Burette readingsInitial / Final / Value of hypo rundown
1. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 3.15 / 3.15
2. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 3.3 / 3.3
3. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 3.3 / 3.3
4. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 3.3 / 3.3
=3.3*0.25*8*1000/50ml
=13.2mg/02/lit
POND – 3:
S.no / Value of given sample / Burette readingsInitial / Final / Value of hypo rundown
1. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 1.4 / 1.4
2. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 1.5 / 1.5
3. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 1.5 / 1.5
4. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 1.5 / 1.5
=1.5*0.25*8*1000/50ml
=6.0mg/02/lit.
POND-4:
S.no / Value of given sample / Burette readingsInitial / Final / Value of hypo rundown
1. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.86 / 0.86
2. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.9 / 0.9
3. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.9 / 0.9
4. / 50ml / 0.001ml / 0.9 / 0.9
=0.9*0.25*8*1000/50
=3.6mg/02/lit.
TOTAL HARDNESS
General :
Total hardness of water is the sum of concentrations of all the metallic cations other than cations of the alkali metals expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate concentration. In most waters, nearly all of the hardness is due to calcium and magnesium ions, but in some waters, measurable concentrations of iron, aluminium, manganese, and other metals have to be taken into consideration.
Two methods are prescribed for determining total hardness. The method prescribed in 16.1 is based on the reaction of calcium and magnesium salts with sodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA). The method prescribed in 16.2 is based on computation from analytical results of the sample. In case of dispute, the method given in 16.2 shall be used.
EDTA Method
Reagents
Indicator solution A – (a) dissolve 40g of borax in approximately 800 ml of distilled water (b) dissolved 10g of sodium hydroxide 10g of sodium potassium tartrate and 5g of sodium sulphide in 100ml of distilled water. When cool, mix the two solutions and dilute to 1000ml with distilled water. The reagent should not be used more than one month after preparation.
Standard calcium chloride solution – dissolve 1.000g of calcium carbonate contained in a beaker covered with a watch glass in a small quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid. Wash down the beaker and watch glass with carbondioxide free distilled water neutralize exactly with sodium hydroxide solution and make up to 1000ml with carbondioxide free distilled water. One milliliter of the solution is equivalent to 1mg of calcium carbonate.
EDTA solution – dissolved 4.0 g of disodium ethyienediamine tetra acetate dihydrate in approximately 800ml of distilled water. Add 0.86g of sodium hydroxide and 0.1g of magnesium chloride. Titrate against magnesium clcium chloride solution as described in 16.1.2 and adjust so that 1ml is equivalent to 1mg of calcium carbonate.