Chapter 1 Study Guide
Part 1: Chapter review in textbook. Complete the following on your own paper.
1. Read and answer multiple choice questions #1-10 on page 31. You do not need to write the question.
2. Answer the following questions on pages 31-32, #12,15,18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28.
Part 2: Answer the following questions on the spaces that follow OR copy onto your own paper.
1. According to the text section 1.4, what is the metric system?
2. What are the 2 different types of Observations? Explain the difference between them.
3. What is the difference between scientific and historical facts?
4. Why do scientists make lab reports that are able to be replicated/repeated?
5. In Pasteur’s experiment on spontaneous generation, what is the purpose of bending the neck of the flask container?
6. If you are using a light microscope what structure should you use to initially view the organism?
7. Which part of the light microscope should you use to control the amount of light that comes through the stage onto the organism?
8. Read the following information about an experiment conducted on human metabolism and then answer the questions.
Problem: Will eliminating 1 soda a day from a person's diet lead to weight loss?
Procedure:
10 pairs of identical twins who liked drinking 3 sodas a day were used
all test subjects were fed the exact same diet
all test subjects were fed at the same time
all test subjects underwent the exact same amount of exercise and types of activities
all test subjects slept for the same amount of time everyday
1 person from each pair drank 3 sodas a day and the other only drank 2
each person was weighed at the exact same time once a week
each person was weighed using the exact same scale
each person was weighed wearing the same amount and type of clothes
a. What is the Manipulated variable? ______
b. What is the Responding variable? ______
c. Why is everything else kept the same? ______
d. What are all of the things that are kept the same called? ______
9. Scientific method practice: Read each passage and answer the questions that follow.
Scenario A-
On July 20, 1976, the Viking I lander touched down on the dusty red surface of Mars. A few months later, the Viking II lander arrived on another Martian plain. The primary mission of these two robot spacecraft was to determine if there was life on Mars.
Conditions on Mars were thought to be far too harsh for large life forms. There is no liquid water on Mars and the atmosphere is very thin. During the course of a day, the temperature on Mars may range from 10 ºC to -80ºC. The large changes in temperature produce strong winds and planet-wide dust storms. Because of these conditions, scientists decided to look for microorganisms rather than large life forms.
The Viking spacecraft performed several experiments. In one experiment, samples of soil were taken from different locations. The soil samples were put into a nutrient broth that supports the growth of microorganisms on Earth (food). The amount of carbon dioxide in the broths was tested over a period of time. (Why would scientists be measuring the amount of carbon dioxide?)
Scientists were excited to discover that Martian soil produced carbon dioxide in the nutrient broth. J However, the amount of carbon dioxide produced in the Martian soil was much smaller than the amount that would be produced by living things on Earth. Thus, the results of the Viking spacecraft experiments are not conclusive. Scientists are still not sure if life exists on Mars.
a. What assumptions did scientists make in this experiment? ______
______
______
b. Why did scientists obtain soil samples from different places and from different parts of the Martian soil? ______
______
c. Which characteristic of life was being tested for in the experiment? ______
d. Why can't scientists be sure if life exists on Mars? ______
______
______
Scenario B-
A scientist wished to determine if a new type of antibiotic, called antibiotic F, was effective against a particular type of microorganism that caused pneumonia. To test the hypothesis, the scientist found 100 volunteers in a large hospital, all suffering from the same type of pneumonia. The scientist gave 50 of the volunteers the new antibiotic for 10 days. The other 50 volunteers were given a sugar pill (fake pill) for 10 days. The sugar pill is called a placebo.
The scientist measured the effectiveness of the antibiotic by measuring each volunteer's temperature: higher than normal body temperature indicated the presence of the disease causing microorganisms. When a volunteer's temperature remained normal (37ºC) for three days, he or she was considered free of the disease-causing microorganism.
a. What was the scientist's hypothesis? ______
b. Identify the control group. ______
c. Identify the experimental group. ______
d. Which graph indicates that the antibiotic was not effective against the disease-causing microorganism? ______
e. Which graph supports the scientist's original hypothesis? ______
f. What other observations or comparisons might the scientist have made in this experiment to determine if the antibiotic was effective? ______
g. Why did the scientist give 50 of the volunteers a placebo? ______