Structure and Function Study Guide Key

Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the spaceprovided.

  1. Cell: a membrane-covered structure that contains all the materials necessary for life
  2. Tissue: a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job in the body
  3. Organ: a combination of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body
  4. Organ system: a group of organs working together to perform body functions (like a leaf, stomach,or heart)
  5. Organism: anything that can live on its own and perform all life functions
  6. pistil: the female reproductive structure in a flower that consists of a stigma, style, and an ovary
  7. stigma: the flower part that is at the tip of the pistil where fertilization begins after pollen lands on it
  8. style: a long tube in between the stigma and the ovary in a female reproductive structure
  9. ovary: in animals, an organ in the female reproductive system that produces eggs; in flowers, the structure that contains ovules and will develop into fruit following fertilization
  10. ovules: structure containing plant eggs
  11. stamen: the male reproductive structure in the flower that consists of a filament (stalk) topped by a pollen-producing anther
  12. filament: a structure that holds the pollen-producing anthers higher in a flower
  13. anthers: sac-like structures that produce pollen
  14. pollen: the dust-like particles that carry the male sperm of gametophytes
  15. pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male sex organ to the female sex organ in plants
  16. fertilization: when the sperm cell fuses with the egg inside the ovule of a plant or animal
  17. electromagnetic spectrum: the entire range of electromagnetic waves (including light, radio, x-rays, and other invisible rays)
  18. reflection: the bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a barrier or an object
  19. refraction: the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
  20. transmission: the passing of light through a substance(like air or liquid)
  21. absorption: the transfer of energy carried by light waves to particles carried by substances
  22. retina:a light-sensitive layer in the eye that contains special neurons called photoreceptors
  23. photoreceptor: special neurons that convert light into electrical impulses; there are two types--rods and cones
  24. iris: the colored part of an eye which opens and closes to control how much light goes into the eye
  25. pupil: the opening (or hole) in the iris
  26. convex lens: a lens that is thicker in the middle than the edges
  27. concave lens: a lens that is thinner in the middle than the edges
  28. mechanical advantage: a measure of how many times a machine multiplies an effort applied to a load (like 100 horsepower)
  29. joint: the place where two or more bones connect (sliding joint, ball-and-socket joint, and hinge joint)
  30. lever: a simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum; there are three classes of levers based on where the input, output, and fulcrum are placed
  31. (closed) circulatory system: a circulatory system in which a heart circulates blood through a network in a closed loop (veins and arteries)
  32. heart: a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout an organism
  33. lungs: a sac-like organ that takes oxygen from the air and delivers it to the blood
  34. arteries: blood vessels that carry blood away from the blood
  35. veins: blood vessels that direct blood to the heart
  36. capillaries: the smallest blood vessels where arteries and veins meet
  37. atrium: the upper chamber of a heart
  38. ventricle: the chamber of a heart

Fill in the blank

  1. In the human eye light is refracted as it passes through the cornea and lens.
  2. Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a barrier or an object.
  3. Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes as an angle from one medium to another.
  4. The passing of light through matter is transmission.
  5. When you look at a red apple, you see the color red because red reflected by the apple.
  6. The wrist joint functions like a sliding joint.
  7. Your bones and muscles work like levers to providemechanical advantage.
  8. The heart, arteries, veins and capillaries are all part of the cardiovascularsystem.
  9. Theovaryis the part of the flower that becomes the fruit.
  10. The ovules are the part of the flower that becomes the seeds.
  11. Tissues work together in a multicellular organism to form a(n) organ.
  12. Organs work together in a multicellular organism to form a(n) organ system.
  13. The joint in your shoulder is an example of a ball and socket joint.
  14. Muscles cause bones to move when the muscles pull on bones.

Short Answer – Answer using complete sentences

  1. Identify the three types of joints illustrated below.
  • Joint A is a shoulder which is a ball and socket joint.
  • Joint B is a knee which is a hinge joint.
  • Joint C is a wrist which is a gliding/sliding joint.
  1. Identify the three types of levers illustrated above (remember FLEx)

Lever A is a Class 2 lever because load is in the middle

Lever B is a Class I lever because the fulcrum is in the middle

Lever C is a Class III lever because the fulcrum is in the middle.

  1. Explain the differences between pollination and fertilization.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male sex organ to the female sex organ in plants. Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell in plants or animals.

  1. Describe in detail, how light enters the eye. Hint: Be sure to include what focuses the light, refracts the light, and adjusts the amount of light.

Light comes into the eye after being refracted by the cornea and then the lens which is where light passes after it has passed through the cornea.. The shape of the convex lens focuses the light. Convex lenses are lenses that are thicker in the middle than at the edges. When light enters a convex lens, it is always refracted towards the center helping with focusing light to the back of the eye

How much light enters the eye, after being refracted, depends on the size of the pupil opening. The pupil is the black spot in your eye because it is absorbing all the light. The size of the pupil is controlledby a muscle called the iris. The iris is the colored part of the eye.

Once light has entered the eye, it is detected by cells at the back of your eye in a light sensitive layer called the retina. The retina is packed by special neurons (nerve cells) called photoreceptors that convert light into electrical impulses which travel to the brain via the optic nerve. There are two kinds of photoreceptors – rods that detect very dim light and cones that detect color.

  1. Label the following diagram: pupil, lens, cornea, iris, retina(you may use a label more than once).
  1. Explain the differences between light transmissions, reflection, refraction, scattering, and absorption.

For you to see an object, the light that is given off by an object or that bounces off an object (scatters) must enter your eye. What is this light - an electromagnetic wave that interacts with matter in many different ways.

The light that you are most familiar with is called visible light.Visible light is a narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet light are all forms of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.

White light (visible light) consists of many wavelengths of radiation, or colors. White light has all the wavelengths that differ by color and frequency ranging from red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo and violet (Roy G Biv). This light then interacts with matter in certain ways: reflection, absorption, refraction, transmission, and scattering. We see because the cells in the back of human eyes respond to these different wavelengths in different ways Light can be reflected, bent (refracted), transmitted, and absorbed by matter.

Reflection is what happens when a mirror is used. Light is reflected off of the mirror, without entering the object. When white light shines on a white object all the colors are reflected which are not absorbed.So when white light shines on a black object all the colors are absorbed and no light is reflected (or scattered) which is why it looks black. When white light shines on an orange only orange light is reflected, what happened to all the other colors?

Transmission - is the passing of light through matter. In fact, without the transmission of light, you couldn’t see! All of the light that reaches your eyes is transmitted through air and several parts of your eyes.

Refraction- is the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another. Light is refracted in the eye when light moves from air to the cornea then again when it moves through lens.

Absorption - the transfer of light energy completely to particles of matter – which is why black is a color that absorbs all light and you feel warmer.

Cell Biology Unit 1Study Guide

GJUHSD2006-2007