Table S1 Information on 28 Sample Populations of Chomolaena Odorata

Evolutionary increases in defense during a biological invasion

Oecologia

Zhi-Yong Liao∙Yu-Long Zheng∙Yan-Bao Lei∙Yu-Long Feng

Y.-L. Feng

College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, ShenyangAgriculturalUniversity, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province,China

E-mail: ;

Electronic Supplementary Material

The online version of thisarticle contains supplementarymaterial, which is available to authorized users.

Fig. S1 Results of factor analysis for the six leaf traits.

Table S1 Information on 28 sample populations of Chomolaena odorata.

Table S2 Linear regressions between growth and the first two factors from factor analysis of six leaf traits.

Table S3 Effects of range, shoot removal, and their interaction on growth traits according to two-way nested ANOVA.

Fig. S1Results of factor analysis for the six leaf defending traits. C, leaf carbon content; GSD, glandular scale density on lower leaf surface; N, leaf nitrogen content; TDL, trichome density on lowerleaf surface; TDU, trichome density on upper leaf surface; WC, leaf water content

Table S1Information on 28 sample populations of Chomolaena odorata. Populations from native and invasive rangesare listed in the order as in figures 1-3from left to right

RegionLocationLatitudeLongitudeElevation (m)

Native

Mamoral, Trinidad & TobagoN10°27′W61°17′63

Felicity, Trinidad & TobagoN10°31′W61°25′10

Chiapas, MexicoN16°44′W93°09′640

Ponce, Puerto Rico N18°11′W66°51′300

Quintana Roo, MexicoN18°38′W88°47′29

Michoacan, MexicoN18°51′W103°37′950

Veracrus, MexicoN19°23′W96°58′1160

Pinar del Río, CubaN22°45′W82°50′565

Tamaulipas, MexicoN23°40′W99°11′600

Miami, Florida, USAN25°38′W80°20′3

Collier, Florida, USAN25°52′W80°29′3

Broward, Florida, USAN26°08′W80°06′3

Martin, Florida, USAN27°06′W80°15′3

Invasive

Melaka, MalaysiaN2°22′E102°21′50

Hat Yai，Song khla, ThailandN7°01′E100°46′60

Central Provinece, Sri lankaN7°11′E80°25′451

Iligan city, PhilippineN8°10′E124°10′107

Kerala, IndiaN10°18′E76°9′70

Nakorn Nayok, ThailandN14°25′E101°23′739

Maharashtra, IndiaN15°56′E73°59′659

Vientiane, LaosN17°58′E102°37′170

Shanya, Hainan, ChinaN18°19′E109°12′23

ConCuong, Nghe An, VietnamN19°03′E104°53′55

Louang Namtha, LaosN20°55′E101°10′1241

Mengla, Yunnan, ChinaN21°56′E101°15′544

Jinghong, Yunnan, ChinaN22°00′E100°50′560

Baise, Guangxi, ChinaN23°53′E106°38′140

Jingdong, Yunnan, ChinaN24°17′E100°50′1263

Table S2Linear regressionsbetween growth and the first two factors from factor analysis of six leaf traits forChromolaena odorata plants from invasive and nativepopulations

Factor 1Factor 2

rPrP

Native and invasive (n=28)

Plant height0.2920.131-0.4580.014

Total branch number-0.1960.3170.4690.012

Aboveground mass-0.1440.4660.3050.115

Native (n=13)

Plant height0.2600.391-0.4060.168

Total branch number0.0620.8400.4410.131

Aboveground mass0.0380.9020.3570.232

Invasive (n=15)

Plant height0.0820.772-0.5100.052

Total branch number0.1450.607-0.2840.304

Aboveground mass-0.0610.830-0.4310.108

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Table S3Effects of range, shoot removal, and their interaction on growth traits according to two-way nested ANOVA. With range, shoot removal, and their interaction as fixed factors; with population nested within range, the interaction between population nested within range and shoot removal, and block as random factors

Plant height (cm)Total branch numberAboveground biomass (g)

DfMSFPMSFPMSFP

Range (R)1131934.374.350.047156.002.910.10059.560.100.755

Shoot removal (SR)139960.861.320.26224.840.460.50224.220.040.842

R × SR117841.668.030.00956.3011.490.0021199.3214.80< 0.001

Population within origin [P (R)]2630360.0029.13< 0.00153.6428.21< 0.001598.5020.89< 0.001

P (R) × SR262221.842.130.0014.902.58< 0.00181.032.83< 0.001

Block93916.313.76< 0.0013.031.590.11513.950.490.883

Error4551042.141.9028.64

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