Chapter 01: Early History of Punishment and the Development of Prisons in the United States

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.What set of codified laws was based on equal retaliation?

a. / Book of the Covenant
b. / Sumerian Code
c. / Draco’s Code
d. / Code of Hammurabi

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:Babylonian and Sumerian CodesOBJ:1.2

COG:Knowledge

2.In the Roman Empire, a complete loss of citizenship and liberty, confiscation of property, and release of a spouse to remarry is called ______.

a. / civil death
b. / slavery
c. / offender marginalization
d. / offender disenfranchisement

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:Roman Law and PunishmentOBJ:1.2COG:Knowledge

3.What was the Church’s early equivalent to a legal proceeding?

a. / Secular trial
b. / Trial by redemption
c. / Trial by intervention
d. / Trial by ordeal

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Early Historical Role of Religion, Punishments, and Corrections

OBJ:1.2COG:Comprehension

4.The infliction of physical pain upon an offender is called ______.

a. / capital punishment
b. / redemption punishment
c. / secular punishment
d. / corporal punishment

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:EasyREF:Corporal Punishment

OBJ:1.2COG:Knowledge

5.William Penn, and the Pennsylvania Quakers, created a body of laws called the ______.

a. / Great Law
b. / Ordeal Law
c. / Brutalization Law
d. / Disablement Law

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:William Penn, the Quakers, and the Great LawOBJ:1.3

COG:Knowledge

6.Who is recognized as the founder of the classical school of criminology?

a. / Jeremy Bentham
b. / Cesare Beccaria
c. / William Penn
d. / Francois Voltaire

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Charles Montesquieu, Francois Voltaire, and Cesare Beccaria

OBJ:1.3COG:Comprehension

7.Which of the following philosophers developed the hedonistic calculus?

a. / Cesare Beccaria
b. / John Howard
c. / Jeremy Bentham
d. / Francois Voltaire

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic CalculusOBJ:1.3

COG:Comprehension

8.Who worked to alleviate some of the abuses and improve sanitary conditions in correctional facilities?

a. / William Penn
b. / Jeremy Bentham
c. / John Howard
d. / Cesare Beccaria

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:MediumREF:John Howard

OBJ:1.4COG:Comprehension

9.What was the first prison in America?

a. / Mamertine Prison
b. / Old Newgate Prison
c. / The Walnut Street Jail
d. / The Hulk

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:Punishment During Early American History: 1700s-1800s

OBJ:1.4COG:Knowledge

10.What was the first American institution exclusively dedicated to the correction of felons?

a. / Mamertine Prison
b. / The Walnut Street Jail
c. / Old Newgate Prison
d. / The Hulk

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:MediumREF:The Walnut Street Jail

OBJ:1.4COG:Comprehension

11.The two major competing concepts or systems of prison designs used within the United States for the majority of the 20th century were ______.

a. / the Pennsylvania system and the New York system
b. / the Philadelphia system and the Auburn system
c. / the Philadelphia system and the New York system
d. / the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:The Pennsylvania SystemOBJ:1.6COG:Knowledge

12.The ______system was an early prison system requiring inmate silence, individual cells, and inmate labor within those cells.

a. / New York
b. / Philadelphia
c. / Auburn
d. / Pennsylvania

ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Hard

REF:The Pennsylvania SystemOBJ:1.6COG:Application

13.______was/were a significant consequent of inmates incarcerated through the Pennsylvania system.

a. / Sanitary issues
b. / Diseases
c. / Mental illness
d. / Breakup of families

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:The Pennsylvania SystemOBJ:1.6COG:Analysis

14.Which is the correct timeline for the opening of early American prisons?

a. / Eastern Penitentiary, Western Penitentiary, Auburn Prison, Walnut Street Jail, Old NewgatePrisoc
b. / Old Newgate Prison, Walnut Street Jail, Auburn Prison, Western Penitentiary, Eastern Penitentiary
c. / Old Newgate Prison, Auburn Prison, Eastern Penitentiary, Walnut Street Jail, Western Penitentiary
d. / Auburn Prison, Old Newgate Prison, Walnut Street Jail, Eastern Penitentiary, Western Penitentiary

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:HardREF:The Auburn System

OBJ:1.6COG:Application

15.The ______system was a prison model consisting of small individual cells, a large work area for group labor, and enforced silence.

a. / New York
b. / Philadelphia
c. / Auburn
d. / Pennsylvania

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:MediumREF:The Auburn System

OBJ:1.6COG:Comprehension

16.Maconochie’s principles are often referred to as the ______system.

a. / mark
b. / determinate
c. / check
d. / reformatory

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:The Age of the Reformatory in AmericaOBJ:1.5

COG:Knowledge

17.The first reformatory was named ______Reformatory.

a. / Elmira
b. / Brockway
c. / Walnut Street
d. / Auburn

ANS:APTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:The Age of the Reformatory in AmericaOBJ:1.5

COG:Knowledge

18.The prototype prison farm was in what state?

a. / Arkansas
b. / Texas
c. / Mississippi
d. / Louisiana

ANS:CPTS:1DIF:HardREF:Prison Farming Systems

OBJ:1.5COG:Application

19.Which states are the “Big Four” in corrections?

a. / California, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio
b. / California, New York, Texas, and Florida
c. / Pennsylvania, Colorado, Ohio, and Florida
d. / Texas, Virginia, Colorado, and California

ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Hard

REF:The Emergency of the “Big Four” in CorrectionsOBJ:1.6

COG:Application

TRUE/FALSE

20.The brutalization hypothesis states the use of harsh punishments is an effective deterrent.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:The Notion of Punishment and Corrections Throughout History

OBJ:1.2COG:Comprehension

21.The legal basis for lextalionis is the desire for revenge.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Babylonian and Sumerian CodesOBJ:1.2

COG:Comprehension

22.Among early societies, religious offenses were considered less dangerous than secular offenses.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Public and Private WrongsOBJ:1.2COG:Analysis

23.The infliction of physical pain upon an offender is called corporal punishment.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:EasyREF:Corporal Punishment

OBJ:1.2COG:Knowledge

24.Banishment was the punishment most often used in lieu of capital punishment.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:MediumREF:Banishment

OBJ:1.2COG:Comprehension

25.The majority of offenders who had been subjected to transportation were male, skilled, and from the lower classes.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:MediumREF:Transporting Offenders

OBJ:1.2COG:Analysis

26.Ultimately, the Auburn system was the model that states adopted due to economic advantages over the Pennsylvania system.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Two American Prototypes in ConflictOBJ:1.6

COG:Analysis

27.Prior to the Civil War, separate laws were required of free slaves and free men who turned criminal.

ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy

REF:The Southern System of Penology: Pre and Post-Civil War

OBJ:1.5COG:Knowledge

28.The Martinson Report argued that rehabilitation greatly reduced recidivism.

ANS:FPTS:1DIF:MediumREF:The reintegration model

OBJ:1.6COG:Analysis

ESSAY

29.Explain the process that led to the development of crimes being an act in violation of a king or queen’s authority.

ANS:

After the fall of the Roman Empire large populations of commoners were unskilled laborers. These unskilled laborers or peasants were given a small plot of land, by the manor lords, to work and raise crops for their own purposes while also working the fields of the manor lord. In essence, these commoners were little more than slaves of the state. Simultaneously, the royalty had established themselves as being the absolute power. Ultimately, all forms of revenue obtained from fines went to the state (or the Crown), and the state administered all punishments. This also led to the development of crime being an act in violation of a king or queen’s authority. This meant that harsh punishments deterred those who might challenge the ruler’s position, thereby solidifying the secular approach to punishment and corrections. It was at this time that criminal behavior became widely recognized as an offense against the state.

PTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:Early Secular History of Punishment and CorrectionsOBJ:1.2

COG:Analysis

30.Corporal punishment was a common form of state punishment. Provide a definition of corporal punishment. Name at least three forms of corporal punishment and describe their purpose.

ANS:

Corporal punishment is any physical pain inflicted short of death. Common methods include whipping, flogging, torture, mutilations, branding, and cat-o’-nine-tails. The purpose often was to extract a confession from the accused, used in an attempt to match the crime with an appropriate punishment or to be an example and a deterrent to other potential offenders.

PTS:1DIF:MediumREF:Corporal Punishment

OBJ:1.2COG:Comprehension

31.What effects did the American Civil War have on prisons and offenders? How did these effects influence the industrial prison era?

ANS:

The question requires a discussion on migration of citizens to cities, unemployment, and entrepreneurial efforts to profit from offenders. Specifically, incarceration rates and profits from prisons increased.

PTS:1DIF:Medium

REF:The Southern System of Penology: Pre and Post-Civil War

OBJ:1.6COG:Analysis