Inhibitory Control and Early Academic Skills 9

INHIBITORY CONTROL AND EARLY ACADEMIC SKILLS 9

Supplemental Materials

Relations Between Inhibitory Control and Development of Academic Skills in Preschool and Kindergarten: A Meta-Analysis

by N. Allen et al., 2014, Developmental Psychology

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037493

Online Appendix Table S1.

Inhibitory Control and Academic Measures by Study

Study name / N / Mean
age / Class
type / IC tasks (type) / α / Academic measure / Α
Allan & Lonigan, 2011 / 234 / 51.08 / 1 / Composite of box search, less is more, gift delay, grass-snow, head to toes, KRISP, walk a line slowly (3) / .72–.94 / TOPEL phonological awareness (1) / .87
TOPEL print knowledge (1) / .95
TOPEL definitional vocabulary (1) / .94
Allan & Lonigan, 2013 / 281 / 55.92 / 1 / Head-to-toes (1) / .95 / VPK Print Knowledge (1) / .86
Shapes (1) / .91 / VPK Phonological Awareness (1) / .84
Grass/snow (1) / .86 / VPK Oral Language (1) / .82
Day/night (1) / .85
Knock/tap (1) / .90
Bird/dragon (1) / .85
Altamura, 2012 / 58 / 48.6 / 3 / CBQ-SF EC (4) / PPVT-III (1)
Baker et al., 2011 / 32 / 32.9 / 3 / Reverse categorization (1) / BVPS (1)
Gift delay (2)
(Study 2) / 24 / 41.9 / 3 / Bear/dog (1) / BVPS (1)
Gift delay (2)
Barr et al., 2010 / 60 / 49.42 / 3 / BRIEF-P inhibition (4) / PPVT-III (1)
Barra, 2009 (diss) / 86 / 36–60 / 3 / Pencil tapping (1) / High Point narrative recall (1)
Walk a line slowly (1)
Bernstein et al., 2007 (Study 1) / 72 / 54.1 / 1 / Day/night (1) / PPVT-III (1)
Bear/dragon (1)
(Study 2) / 72 / 54.8 / 1 / Day/night (1) / PPVT-III (1)
Bialystok et al., 2010 / 98 / 47.47 / 1 / Luria’s tapping task (1) / PPVT-III (1)
Mutual exclusivity (1)
Opposite worlds (1)
ANT flanker (1)
Blair et al., 2005a / 169 / 61.0 / 1 / Peg tapping (1) / .82 / PPVT-III (1)
Blair & Razza, 2007a / 170 / 61.0 / 1 / Peg tapping (1) / .75 / PPVT-III (1)
170 / Composite of CBQ scales (attention, approach, anger, and IC [5]) / .74-.91 / Head Start letter knowledge (1)
170 / Composite of CBQ scales (attention, approach, anger, and IC [4]) / .51–.71 / Pre-CTOPP elision (1)
170 / 74.0 / 2 / Peg tapping (1) / ECLS-K math battery (2)
Brock et al., 2009 / 173 / — / 2 / Factor score (toy sort, gift wrap [2]) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
173 / Factor score (balance beam, pencil tap [1]) / WJ-III Ach applied problems (2)
Brown et al., 2013 / 120 / 50 / 1 / Task composite (day/night, Stroop, peg tapping, and bear/dragon [1]) / PPVT-III (1)
Bull et al., 2011 / 186 / 49.00 / 1 / CPT (1) / WJ-R applied problems (1)
NEPSY statue (1) / WJ-R picture vocabulary (2)
NEPSY visual attention (1)
Cameron et al., 2012 / 213 / 65.28 / 2 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
WJ-III Ach passage comprehension (1)
WJ-III Ach sound awareness (1)
WJ-III Ach reading composite (1)
WJ-III Ach applied problems (2)
WJ-III Ach academic knowledge (3)
Carlson et al., 2004a / 81 / 39.0 / 1 / Reverse categorization (1) / PPVT-III (1)
81 / Grass/snow (1)
Bear/dragon (1)
Hand game (1)
Tower building (1)
Whisper (1)
Snack delay (2)
Gift delay (2)
Carlson et al., 2004b / 49 / 48.0 / 1 / Bear/dragon (1) / PPVT-III (1)
49 / Whisper (1)
Gift delay (2)
Carlson & Meltzoff, 2008 / 50 / 72 / 2 / Attention network task (1) / EOWPVT (1)
Simon says (1)
KRISP (1)
Statue (1)
Delay of gratification (2)
Gift delay (2)
Carlson & Wang, 2007 / 53 / 60.21 / 3 / Simon says (1) / PPVT-III (1)
Forbidden toy (2)
Gift delay (2)
Self-control rating scale (4) / .92
Chung & McBride-Chang, 2011 / 85 / 59.87 / 2 / Opposites (day/night, boy/girl, black/white, and up/down [1]) / Hong Kong character recognition (1) / .97
Hong Kong version of Pre-CTOPP phonological awareness (1) / .94
Morphological awareness (1) / .87
PPVT-III (1) / .86
Vocabulary definitions (1) / .69
Corbo, 2012 (diss) / 227 / 53.64 / 1 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / PPVT-III (1) / .97c
Davidse et al., 2011 / 228 / 54.29 / 2 / Peg tapping (1) / .85 / PPVT-III (1)
Letter knowledge / .90
Dennis et al., 2010 / 82 / 48.2 / 1 / Composite of tasks (whisper, ANT) and mother-reported CBQ IC scale (8) / .82 / PPVT-R (1)
Dilworth-Bart, 2012 / 49 / 54–66 / 3 / Peg tapping (1) / .93 / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
Fish flanker (1) / FACES knowledge of story and print concepts (1)
WJ-III Ach applied problems (2)
Drobetz et al., 2012 / 267 / 72.1 / 3 / Delay of gratification (2) / Multiple choice vocabulary (1) / .95
Eisenberg et al., 2010 / 192 / 41.73 / 3 / Snack delay (2) / Macarthur Communicative Development Inventory (1)
192 / Infant behavior record attention and persistence (7)
205 / CBQ IC scale (4) / .77-.82
El Nokali, 2011 (diss) / 127 / 48–60 / 1 / Snack delay (2) / WJ-III letter-word ID (1) / .94–.98c
WJ-III applied problems (2) / .94–.98c
Espy et al., 2004 / 96 / 50.52 / 1 / Composite of CPT commission errors, delayed response, self-control, and statue (3) / WJ-R picture vocabulary (1)
WJ-R applied problems (2)
Evans et al., 2011 / 252 / 54 / 1 / Day/night (1) / WPPSI core vocabulary (1)
Bear/dragon (1)
Tower building (1)
KRISP (1)
Gift delay (2)
Ezrine, 2010 (diss) / 39 / 45 / 1 / NEPSY statue (1) / PPVT-III (1) / .95
Cat/dog (1) / CASL oral language (1)
Fantauzzo, 1997 / 40 / 42 / 3 / California Child Q-sort ego control (4) / .69b / PPVT-R (1) / .86c
Farrar & Ashwell, 2012 / 40 / 54 / 1 / Day/night (1) / PPVT-III (1)
Ford et al., 2012
(Study 1) / 58 / 60.7 / 1 / Day/night (1) / WPPSI-III receptive vocabulary (1)
Hand shape (1)
Pig/wolf (1)
Whisper (1)
Tapping (1)
Ford et al., 2012
(Study 2) / 50 / 57.4 / 1 / Day/night (1) / WPPSI-III receptive vocabulary (1)
Hand shape (1)
Pig/wolf (1)
Whisper (1)
Tapping (1)
Fuhs & Day, 2011 / 128 / 56.13 / 1 / Head to toes (1) / WPPSI-III picture naming (1) / .88c
128 / Day/night (1) / WPPSI-III receptive vocabulary (1) / .88c
BRIEF-P inhibition (5) / .90-.97b / WPPSI-III information (3) / .88c
Fuhs & McNeil, 2013 / 103 / 55 / 1 / Composite of head to toes, day/night, and knock/tap (1) / PPVT-4 (1) / .93c
TEMA-3 (2)
Fuhs, Wyant, & Day, 2011 / 111 / 58.09 / 1 / Temperament Assessment Battery for Children-Revised (5) / .86-.95b / Metropolitan Readiness Test-6th edition print concepts (1)
Georgiou et al., 2013 / 72 / 64.57 / 2 / Animal Stroop (1) / .86 / Greek version of Dyslexia Early Screening Test (1) / .78
Phonological awareness (1) / .77-.83
Letter-word ID (1) / .95
TEMA-3 (2) / .92
Gonik, 2008 (diss) / 347 / 60 / 1 / Statue (1) / WJ-III Ach composite of letter-word ID, passage comprehension, and quantitative concepts (3)
Knock/tap (1)
Gift delay (2)
Harvey, 2011 (diss) / 98 / 50 / 1 / Flanker (1) / Vocabulary (1)
BRIEF-P inhibition (4) / Child math assessment (2)
Howse, Calkins, et al., 2003 / 86 / 56.0 / 2 / COMPSCALE items (5) / .89 / WIAT composite of basic reading and spelling (1)
86 / WIAT math (2)
Howse, Lange, et al., 2003 / 43 / 72.8 / 2 / Self-regulation test for children (2) / TERA (1)
43 / COMPSCALE items (5) / .86
Hughes et al., 2013 / 126 / 72 / 2 / Day/night (1) / BPVS (1)
Kilday, 2010 (diss) / 784 / 54 / 1 / Composite of CPT and day/night (1) / .86 / WJ-R counting subscale of applied problems (2) / .95
Snack delay (2) / WJ-R mathematical operations subscale of applied problems (2) / .78
Kolkman et al., 2013 / 47 / 71.28 / 2 / Day/night (1) / .87 / Numerical magnitude comparison (2) / .46
Categorization (2) / .79
Number line (2) / .83
Kroesbergen et al., 2009 / 115 / 72.0 / 2 / Expressive attention (1) / .80 / ENT counting (2)
Lahat et al., 2012 / 174 / 48 / 3 / Day/night (1) / WPPSI vocabulary and information (1)
Grass/snow (1)
Lan et al., 2011 / 139 / 58.80 / 1 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
139 / WJ-III applied problems counting (2) / .72
WJ-III applied problems calculation (2) / .79
(Sample 2) / 119 / 60.24 / 1 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / Character recognition (1)
ZAREKI-KP counting (2)
119 / ZAREKI-KP calculation (2)
Leerkes et al., 2008 / 135 / 42.0 / 1 / Day/night (1) / WJ-III letter-word ID (1)
WJ-III applied problems (2)
135 / Cool task (1) / Math (1)
Lengua et al., 2007 / 103 / 36.6 / 1 / Composite of bear/dragon, day/night, grass/snow, butterfly, and delay of gratification (3) / PPVT-R (1)
Lewis et al., 2007 / 102 / 3 / Day/night (1) / WPPSI-R/PPVT-III (1)
Lieberman et al., 2007 / 60 / 52.55 / 1 / Gift delay (2) / PPVT-III (1)
60 / BRIEF-P inhibit (4)
Mann, 2012 (diss) / 104 / 55.46 / 3 / Day/night (1) / Parent rating of child academic readiness (4) / .88
Delay of gratification (2) / Literacy (1)
CBQ-SF Inhibition (4) / .65 / PPVT-IV (1)
Matthews et al., 2009 / 268 / 65.4 / 2 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / WJ-III Ach vocabulary (1) / .77c
156 / CBRS (5) / .96b / WJ-III Ach literacy skills (1) / .98c
WJ-III Ach sound awareness (1) / .81c
WJ-III Ach applied problems(2) / .92c
WJ-III Ach general knowledge (3) / .88c
McClelland et al., 2007 / 310 / 53.76 / 1 / Head-to-toes (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
WJ-III Ach receptive and expressive vocabulary (1)
WJ-III Ach applied problems (2)
McClelland & Wanless, 2012 / 134 / 55.22 / 1 / Head-to-toes (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1) / .85c
WJ-III Ach receptive and expressive vocabulary (1) / .85c
WJ-III Ach applied problems (2) / .85c
Miller et al., 2012 / 129 / 50 / 1 / Preschool CPT (1) / PPVT-III (1)
Boy/girl Stroop (1)
Go/no go (1)
Monette et al., 2011 / 85 / 70 / 2 / Day/night (1) / Lollipop (3)
Fruit Stroop (1)
Knock/tap (1)
Knock/tap 2 (1)
Nicolay & Poncelet, 2013 / 61 / 62 / 2 / Go/no go “bat” (1) / Speech perception (1)
Phonological awareness (1)
Complex nonword repetition (1)
Pears et al., 2013 / 192 / 63.1 / 2 / Composite of CBQ inhibitory control and attentional focusing, BRIEF inhibit, flanker, and go/no go (6) / .61 / DIBELS letter naming fluency (1)
DIBELS sound fluency (1)
Concepts about print (1) / .77
Rating of prereading skills (4)
Qu et al., 2013 / 47 / 53.5 / 1 / Day/night (3)b / PPVT-III (1)
Rakoczy, 2010 / 54 / 48 / 1 / Bear/dragon (1) / K-ABC vocabulary (1)
Rhoades et al., 2009 / 146 / 54.0 / 1 / Day/night (1) / .89 / PPVT-R (1)
Peg tapping (1) / .88
Richland & Burchinal, 2013 / 1364 / 54.0 / 3 / Day/night (1) / WJ-R picture vocabulary (1)
Sadeh et al., 2012 / 235 / 80.28 / 2 / BASC (5) / Composite of WJ-R Ach letter-word ID, passage comprehension, and word attack (1) / .87–.93c
WJ-R Ach applied problems (2) / .87–.93c
Smith et al., 2012 / 382 / 42.2 / 3 / Composite of snack delay and tower of patience (3) / PPVT-IV (1)
Smith-Donald et al., 2007 / 63 / 60.5 / 1 / Composite of toy sort, tower, balance beam, and pencil tap (1) / .58 / NRS early literacy (1)
63 / Composite of snack delay and toy wrap (2) / .54 / NRS early math (2)
Snyder, (diss) / 70 / 58.06 / 1 / CBQ EC scale (4) / .70 / TERA-3 (1) / .75–.97
TEMA-2 (2) / .92–.96
Thorell, 2007 / 145 / 76.0 / 2 / Go/no go (1) / .62–.73 / Literacy composite (1) / .73
145 / Stroop (1) / .62.–73 / Math composite (2) / .72
145 / Flower delay (2) / .85
Thorell & Nyberg, 2008 / 113 / 76.0 / 2 / CHEXI inhibition (4) / Literacy composite (1)
89 / CHEXI inhibition (5) / Math composite (2)
Valiente et al., 2012 / 291 / 67.72 / 2 / CPT attentional control (1) / PPVT-R (1)
CBQ inhibitory control and attention focusing (4) / .87
CBQ inhibitory control and attention focusing (5) / .94
Wanless et al., 2011a / 152 / 49.08 / 1 / Head to toes (1) / PPVT-R (1)
152 / CBRS (5) / TEMA-2 (2)
Wanless et al., 2011b (Sample 1) / 310 / 65.76 / 2 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1) / .85c
WJ-III Ach picture vocabulary (1) / .85c
WJ-III Ach applied problems (2) / .85c
(Sample 2) / 158 / 54.72 / 1 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / Taiwanese version of PPVT-R (1) / .90–.97c
Taiwanese version of TEMA-2 (2) / .89–.90c
(Sample 3) / 227 / 60.72 / 1 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / Korean WPPSI vocabulary (1) / .78–.86c
Test of Hangul word reading (1) / .98–.99c
Korean WPPSI mathematics(2) / .82–.87c
(Sample 4) / 119 / 60.24 / 1 / Head-toes-knees-shoulders (1) / Chinese traditional character task (1)
Zareki-KP counting and calculation (2) / .84–.87c
Weatherholt et al., 2006 / 70 / 56.7 / 3 / Computerized executive attention (1) / K-BIT expressive vocabulary (1)
Willoughby et al., 2011 / 756 / 55.2 / 1 / Pencil tap (1) / WJ-III Ach sound awareness (1)
756 / Walk a line slowly (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
756 / Snack delay (2) / WJ-III applied problems (2)
756 / Tongue task (2)
Willoughby et al., 2012b / 1058 / 60.4 / 1 / Spatial conflict arrows (1) / TOPEL phonological awareness (1)
1058 / Silly sounds Stroop (1) / WJ-III Ach letter-word ID (1)
Animal go/no go / ECLS-K math (2)
WJ-III Ach applied problems (2)
WJ-III Ach quantitative concepts (2)
Wolfe & Bell, 2007 / 18 / 54 / 1 / Composite of snack delay, bear/dragon, day/night, yes/no, and DCCS (3) / PPVT-III (1)
Zelazo et al., 2013 / 85 / 36–72 / 3 / Flanker (1) / PPVT-IV (1)

Note. aThese studies used the same sample in their analyses. diss = Dissertation. For class type, 1 = preschool, 2 = kindergarten, and 3 = mixed/other. For inhibitory control measures: 1 = cool task, 2 = hot task, 3 = mixed composite of tasks, 4 = parent report, 5 = teacher report, 6 = composite of reports and tasks, 7 = examiner report. For academic measures: 1 = literacy, 2 = math, 3 = academics, 4 = parent rating scale. bFor this task, children were either in a hot or cool condition. cα norming sample.