SOCIAL 35AP Review Chapter 1-8
The Later Middle Ages1300
I. The Bubonic Plague (The Black Death)
A. Large food supply system, however insecure.
1. Heavy annual rains, crops damaged
2. Crop yield declines, farms abandoned
3. Chronic malnutrition, cities overcrowded, poor sanitation
4. Widespread famines, 1315-1317 and 1321
B. The spread of the disease
1. Genoese ships brought the plague to Europe in 1347
2. Followed trade routes, Venice, Genoa
3. Urban congestion, lack of sanitation
4. Bubonic form “Ring around the Rosie”
a. Large glands developed, “Bubos”
b. Disease spread by fleas on Black rats
5. Pneumonic form
a. Transmitted by people–along respiratory tract
6. Septicemic
a. Transmitted by unsanitary conditions / toileting practices / well water
C. Psychological impact
1. The four horsemen / grave diggers with carts “Bring out your dead”
2. “Gods demand” His divine wrath
3. Widespread suffering & death, especially among the poor / rickets afflicted survivors
4. Priests, nuns, monks were especially vulnerable (Assisting the sick)
5. The Flagellants, self-inflicted punishment to avoid God’s punishment
6. Anti-Semitism as jews were accused of poisoning wells (2,000 were hung)
a. Jacob von Konigshofen: The Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews (Sp. pg.302)
D. Population decline
1. Roughly 1/4th of the Western European population had died
2. London cut in half
a. 1348, 2,000 - 7,000 people died weekly
3. 1347 - 1361 24 million had died
E. Social and Economic consequences
1. Positive: Rising per capita wealth, higher wages, labor mobility,
equitable distribution of wealth
2. Negative: Increased use of slavery, profound pessimism exemplified in art
and literature.
II. The Hundred years war (1337 - 1453)
A. Struggle between the French and English over the Duchy of Gascony
B. Early English victories (fought almost entirely in France)
1. Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), Agincourt (1415), Advance toward Paris (1419)
2. English development of new weapons, longbow, cannon superior armor for knights.
C. English Kings: Edward III 1327-1377, Richard II -1399, Henry IV -1413
D. French: Phillip VI 1328-1350, John II -1364, Chales V -1380, Charlews VI - 1422
E. Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)
1. Significant role and inspiration for the French
2. English ultimately defeated and driven from France, Joan of Arc is captured
3. Condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake (1431)
4. Becomes the second patron saint of France
F. Consequences
- Disrupted trade, commerce, and economies, French countryside devastated, Population decline, peasants heavily taxed, economic problems
G. Long Term results
- English Parliament and nobles gain power, rise of nationalism through propaganda (Chaucer, Villon)
III. Decline of the Catholic Church’s prestige
A. Church corruption rampant
B. Babylonian captivity (Concordat of Bologna between Leo X, King Francis I)
1. French monarchy controlled the papacy (Catholic church)
2Ultimately weakens the power of the papacy
3Popes lived in Avignon, under the influence of French King
4Pragmatic Sanction (1438) French Catholic church claims independence from Rome
C. The Great Schism (1378-1417)
1. Two popes claimed to be the legitimate leaders of Catholicism
2. Resided in: Rome: Pope Urban VI, France: Clement VII
3. Council of Constance (1414 - 1418) ended the Schism, implemented reforms
a. Election of Martin V
D. Conciliar movement
- Belief that reform should come through periodic councils of Bishops, Cardinals,
Abbots and Laity.
2. General councils advocated powers superior to the pope
a. Marsiglio Padua, Defensor Pacis, excommunicated for defending councils
b. John Wyclif called for church reform, Lollards
1. Precursor to the reformation
3. Continued by Jan Hus (Hussites) Czech priest, rejected the Popes authority
- Scripture alone should determine church belief, practice
4. Reunited under Pope Martin V
IV. Social underpinnings of the era
A. Marriage was typically prompted by economic factors, “marriage bouquets & bathing”
B. Divorce did not exist, as marriage was regulated by church
1. Females legally marry at 12, males at 14
C. Craft guilds: merchants and artisans who produced and distributed goods
1. Apprentices, Journeymen, Masters
V. Peasant revolts
A. France (The Jacquerie revolts 1358)
1. A precipitant for revolt: French taxation for the Hundred years war
2. Nobles killed, property destroyed
B. England (1381)
1. Brought about from the lord’s attempt to freeze wages
2. Provoked by rising peasant expectations
3. Precipitant was the re-imposition of the head tax on all adult males
4. Uprising defeated by Richard II
VI. Literature of the period
A. Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy (Speil. Pg. 318)
1. Pilgrimage through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise
2. Critical of some church authorities
B. Christine De Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies denounced patriarchal society
C. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
The Renaissance1450
I. Overview
A. Beginning of the “modern period”
1. History proceeds continuously and transitions over time
2. Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, (1453) Muslims
B. Renaissance “Rebirth” of classic Greece & Rome, termed by Jacob Burkhardt
1. Moves Western civilization from rural agrarian toward a commercial society
2. Capital gives rise to the growth of cities (Economic evolution)
a. Primarily through Italian trade – recovery and revival
3. Rise of secular thought and decline of the papacy
4. Capital (ism) led to the growth of central government
a. Coincides with the decline of feudalism
b. Capital plays increasingly important role / rise of slavery
5. Period of economic, financial, political and cultural renewal
a. Culture: Small mercantile elite
6. Communes and republics are developed
- Popolo wanted positions in government and taxation equality
b. Signori and oligarchies established seeking political and economic independence from nobles.
C. Economic evolution
1. Decline of Feudalism (coincides with growth of capitalism)
a. Governmental system which runs society
b. Vassals owed allegiance to a king or lord
c. Lasts longer in Northern Europe
2. Independent city-states emerge as politically independent units (Beginnings of nationalism)
a. City-states govern all economic activity
- Condotierre: city-state bureaucracies
- Signoria: despots, one-man rulers who administered cities
- Star chamber: a court that applied Roman laws
a. named from stars painted on ceiling
b. Florence: emerged as center of the Renaissance
Social Structure
a.Patricians: The elite, nobles, wealthy merchants, extremely wealthy merchants
b.Mediocri: middle class merchants and artisans “The middling sort”
c.Popolo Minuto: “Little people” bulk of population (85-90%)
d.Children / labor mortality rates – several children born in hopes a few would survive
3. Italy owed much of its wealth to geographic locale
a. Domination from international trade
b. Florentine wool industry
4. Trade quickly outgrew small business
a. Credit is established
5. Money lending and banking
a. Italians had a monopoly on lending for 300 years
b. Papacy frowned upon “Usury” Money lending
c. Banking derived from the success of trade
d. Fluid wealth led to land purchasing, reinvestment
e. Guilds: merchants and manufacturers to develop production of goods
II. Intellectual thought
A. Individualism
1. Concerned with the role of the individual and their place in the universe
2. A period of self reflection and full development of one’s potential, desire for success
3. Earmarked by ambition, belief in the power of individual skills and talents
4. Leon Battista Alberti, “Men can do all things if they will”
B. Secularism
1. Emphasis on the material world, “Here and now”
2. Juxtaposed to the teachings of the Papacy
C. Humanism(Humanitas) Latin
1. “New Learning” of Latin classics to learn about human achievements, interests, and capabilities.
2. Christian perspective to create a more perfect world to civilize mankind
3. Sought to unify pagan, secular and Christian thought
4. Shift from law, medicine & theology to Latin grammar rhetoric and metaphysics “humanities” or a revival of antiquity
5. Effort to revive the glory of the classic age, a return to original sources of Christianity
6. move away from scholasticism (Theological debates)
D. Revival of Antiquity “Man was the measure of all things”
1. Study of classic literature
2. Virtu; Essence of being a person through the showing of ones abilities
III. The Arts (quattrocentro, 1400’s / cinquecentro 1500’s)
A. Authors / inventors
1. Pico della Mirandola, Humanist On The Dignity of Man “To be whatever he wills”
2. Francesco Petrarch, (1304-1374) poet, thought predicts Renaissance, mocked scholatics
3. Boccaccio, Decameron tales of a lustful society, vernacular
4. Nicolo Machiavelli The Prince
a. Epic of political theory. How a ruler may attain, maintain and increase power
b. “It is much more safe to be feared than to be loved” (not hated)
c. wanted to unify Italy under one ruler, divine right
d. Political cunning, the end justifies the means. (Machiavellian)
e. “New” monarchs influenced by Machiavellian thought
6. Monarchs exercised considerable authority
7. Castigilione’s The Book of the Courtier (1518)
a. Describes the “Renaissance man” paint, sing, athletic, military
b. Influenced social conduct
8. Johann Gutenberg (et al.) Invention of moveable type
a. Gutenberg Bible, Transformed population of Europe
b. Brought about increased literacy of laypeople
c. Rise in propaganda
- Marsilio Ficino, Translation of works of Plato
- Leonardo Bruni, History of the Florentine People
- St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, began by pope Julius II
B. Artists (Baroque style: ornamentation) (Disdain for medieval art, often secular themes)
1. Michelangelo (Il Divino-the divine one) “David” “Pieta” “Moses” Sistine chapel*
2. Leonardo da Vinci “The last supper” “Mona Lisa”
3. Sandro Botticelli, “The Birth of Venus” “Primavera”
4. Brunelleschi, Francesca, the development of perspective in art
5. Donatello: revived the classical figure, Bronze David
6. Raphael: “The school of Athens”
C. The role of women during the renaissance
1. Upper-class status decline
2. Increase in infanticide and child abandonment
3. Own but not sell land, several girls to convent
IV. Northern Renaissance (Low countries, Germany, France, Spain, England)
A. Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, but more religious
1. Focus of societal reform, driven primarily by Christian humanists
2. Develop an ethical way of life
3. Erasmus, Adages, In Praise of Folly (1509) “Christian (Dutch) humanist”
a. Education is the means to reform / first attempt at church reform
b. Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart (spirit)
c. Much of work banned by papal Index of prohibited books (handout)
d. Handbook of the Christian Soldier de-emphasized the sacraments
4. Thomas More, Utopia (1516) describes an ideal society
5. Thomas a Kempis, The Imitation of Christ inner piety more important than dogma
B. Art and literature were more religious in the North
1. Van Eyck, Bosch, Brughel, Rembrandt, Durer
V. The end of the Renaissance
A. City-states enter a period of fighting, economic decline, loss of trading routes
- Peace of Lodi (1454) Signed by Florence, Milan, Venice (Republic)
- Established political order between differing city-states
B. Battles between France and Spain fought on Italian peninsula
1. 1494 Charles VIII expels Medici (1512 return) Louis XII, League of Cambrai
2. Habsburg – Valois power struggle ensues
C. Exploration and colonization of the Americas
1. Shifts economic balance toward the Atlantic (France, Spain, England)
D. 1512 The Medici overthrow Florentine republic, Machiavelli forced into exile
E. Foreign armies (French, Charles VIII) conquered Italian city-states, continual warfare
1. Spain sacked Rome under Charles I (1527)
F. Many humanists migrate North of the Alps (Central & Northern Europe)
G. Italy would not unify until 1870, republicans pressured despots
VI. Politics
A. Spain
1. Marriage of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon
a. “New Monarchs” Monarchy links classes of people to territory, Royal authority
2. Reconquista: wars of Northern Christian kingdoms to control peninsula
a. 1492 expulsion of Jews from Spain
3. Jews and Arabs conversion or expulsion
4. Inquisition (1478)
- Isabella of Castille / Ferdinand of Aragon
- Use of torture for confession of sins and conversion of Jews / Muslims
- Tomas De Torquemada
- Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella (Charles I) Inherited vast lands 1516
5. Intended to Christianize Spain
B. England (and the progression of Tudors)
1. War of the Roses (England, 1455-1471)
a. Civil war between the houses of York (White) and Landcaster (Red)
b. Parliament continues to consolidate and legitimize power.
c. Tudors garnish support from the upper middle class
d. Richard III (Lionhearted) killed at Bosworth field
e. Henry VII first Tudor to rule England
1. Used star chamber to asses fines and penalties for the crown
C. France
1. Charles VII increased the power of the state over the influence of the church
2. Charles VIII invaded Italian peninsula, victorious in Northern Italy
3. French monarchy strengthened under Louis XI “ the spider king”
a. Concordat of Bologna: Institutionalized French kings control over clergy
1. Pope Leo X and King Francis I, end pragmatic sanction of Bourges
2. compromise that assisted in keeping France Catholic, even into the reformation
3. In turn, France would recognize popes superiority over church councils
D. Holy Roman Empire controlled by Habsburg dynasty (Maximillian I)
VII. Renaissance families
A. Medici (Cosimo de’)Florence
1. Controlled Florentine politics
2. Wealth gained from banking and textile industry
3. Cosimo centralized power by banishing members of rival families
4. Manipulated and controlled Gov’t offices
B. Lorenzo de Medici (The magnificent) Cosimo’s grandson
1. Pazzi incident: Attempted murder in Mass (Manchester, Lit by fire pg. 44)
2. Extended families banking interests
3. Considerable influence with the pope in Rome
4. Catherine Medici married to extend her (Children’s) political interests
C. Council of seventy
- Elected committees for domestic and foreign affairs
D. Sforza familyMilan
1. Played off rivalries between other families of Milan
2. Ousted the Visconti family
E. Fuggers (Jacok)
1. Mining industry, silver, copper (Manchester, Lit by Fire pg. 48-49)
2. Most influencial in Spain
Reformation1517
I. Background
A. Decline of the medieval church
1. Great Schism, Concilliar movement
- Babylonian captivity
- Scholasticism: deduced the existence of God from proof
a. (St.) Thomas Aquinas
- William of Occam
a. Mankind could not understand God through reason
b. “Nominalists” rejected papal authority, church hierarchy
- Hussites (Jan Hus) gained papal dispensation for Utraquist
a. Communion in both bread and wine
b. Led revolt, called before council of Constance, to resolve great Schism
c. Condemned as a heretic, burnt at the stake
B. New religious philosophy and organizations develop
1. Attempted church reforms prior to 1517 failed
2. Papacy seems more important than Christ
II. Individuals of the reformation
A. Martin Luther“Faith Alone”
1. Religious childhood, studied theology “Occam”
2. Father wanted Martin Luther to study law
3. Lightning storm as a conversion experience, Augustinian monk
4. Earned doctorate in theology
5. Wanted a church reform, not a separation from Catholicism
a. Salvation through “faith alone” “only with faith can you be saved”
b. “The righteous shall live by Gods grace”
c. Major conflict: Faith vs. good works
d. Authority in the Bible not the Papacy
6. 95 Thesis (Oct. 31, 1517) Wittenberg castle / mailed to superior (Spiel. pg. 369)
a. Reform spurred by the practice of purchasing indulgences and church positions (Simony) Absenteeism (neglecting papal duties, Pluralism (holding several positions)
1. First emerged during the Crusades
2. Church has authority to remit penalties for sin, penance
3. Purchase of indulgences one may forgo repentance (pg. 97, Mman)
4. Sent to monks, translated into German / Leipzig debate (1519)
5. Leo X, St. Peter’s Basilica, indulgences sold to repay Fuggers
6. Condemned Catholic practice of Eucharist
7. Seven sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Communion, Penance, Holy Orders-Ordination, Marriage, Unction) reduced to two (Baptism and Communion).
b. Luther naive, subsequently threatened the income of the church
c. Pope Leo X issues statement (bull) excommunicating Luther (1520)
1. recant or be excommunicated
2. Luther burns letter
d. Diet (assembly) of Worms 1521
1. “I am bound by the scriptures…Here I stand alone”
2. Edict of Worms: Luther under “ban of empire”
3. Forbade him from preaching, declared a heretic
4. Leo X and Charles V signed
7. 1521 Luther has a large following
a. On Christian Liberty
8. The Twelve Articles
a. A complaint that nobles seized common lands and imposed rents
b. End to double taxation (double taxation)
c. Luther was cited
9. Peasant uprising (1525)
a. An Admonition to Peace Luthers attempt to prevent rebellion
b. 1525 Peasant revolts
1. 75 thousand peasants killed
2. Economic problems
3. Restrictions on independence
4. Hunting and fishing priviledges
c. Luther seems to contradict himself
d. Against the murderous, Thieving hoards of the Peasants
e. “Peasants should respect authority”
f. “Luther asks lords to “stab, smite and slay peasants”
B. John Calvin“Predestination”
1. Not educated by piety
2. Studied theology, University of Paris, humanist with judicial training
3. Calvin impressed by Luther’s ideas
4. Calvin believed that he was selected by God to reform the church
a. Institutes of the Christian Religion
1. Predestination, salvation was a gift from God
a. God determined saved from damned
b. Nothing that individuals can do
5. “Faith brings about good works”
a. No visible evidence of who is saved
b. Hard work is rewarded (bolstered Calvinism)
- Thoughts on church and state
a. Stern & militant stance / Rejection of Medieval church practices
C. Anabaptists “To baptize again”
1. Belief in baptism for adults, pacifists, separation of church and state
2. Pacifists, “left wing of the reformation” / held no political offices
3. Women allowed into the ministry / polygamy
4. “Third baptism”, Anabaptists persecuted by drowning
5. Arguably, most unaccepted / radical of religious sects
D. William Tyndale (England, 1494-1536)
1. Printing of the New Testament
2. Sets the stage for Protestant reform in England
E. Ulrich Zwingli
1. Swiss humanist brought reformation to Switzerland
2. Reformed church of Zurich / strongly influenced by Zwingli
3. Ulrich Zwingli: Zurich (Sacramentarian: denied all sacraments)
4. Colloquy of Marburg, sought to unify Protestant theology (failed)
F. Henry VIII (King in 1509)
1. Writes: Defense of the Seven Sacraments “Defender of the Faith”
2. “King’s great matter” Wanted marriage to 1. Catherine of Aragon annulled
(Daughter, Mary)
3. Used Parliament to remove the English church from papal control
a. Believed cases were King’s, not the Popes authority (Clement VII)
b. Thomas Cranmer replaces Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
1. Wolsey blamed for losing case and dismissed
c. Henry orders Thomas More executed for not supporting new order
4. Act of Supremacy: Henry becomes head of the Church of England (Anglican)
a. Ten Articles: affirmed Lutheran theology (faith alone) rejected purgatory
5. Act in Restraint of Appeals: denied popes authority (Treason Act)