US History
Fort Burrows
Review Chapter 14~15 w/Yellow Answers
pervasive – spread throughout
undulating – to move or display a smooth rising or falling or side-to-side alternation
primitive – very simple or not advanced
vital – extremely important
revolutionize – to change in an extraordinary way
artificial – made by human beings
cash crop – crop that is grown to be sold instead of used by the farmer
discrimination – practice of unfairly treating a person differently from others
dominant – more important than most or all others
export – to send a product to be sold in another region or country
import – a product to be sold in a country from a foreign country
nativist – person who wanted to limit immigration and preserve the US for native-born, white citizens
clipper ship – fast-sailing ship of the mid-1800s
extended family – family group that includes grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncles, and cousins
Know-Nothing Party – political party of the1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
telegraph – communications device that sends electrical signals along a wire
cottonocracy – name for the wealthy planters who made their money from cotton in the mid-1800s discrimination – policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people
locomotive – engine that pulls a railroad train
slave codes – laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights
Famine – severe food shortage
strike – refusal by workers to do their jobs until their demands are met
trade unions – association of trade workers formed to gain higher wages and better working conditions
artisan – skilled
social reform – an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society
predestination – Protestant idea that GOD decided in advance in which people would attain salvation after death
Second Great Awakening – widespread religious movement in the US in the early 1800s
revival – huge outdoor religious meeting
debtor – person who cannot pay money he or she owes
temperance movement – campaign against alcohol consumption
American Colonization Society – early 1800s organization that proposed to end slavery by helping African Americans move to Africa
abolitionist – person who wanted to end slavery completely in the United States
The Liberator – most influential antislavery newspaper; began in 1831
Underground Railroad – network of black and white abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom in the North or Canada
Seneca Falls Convention - an 1848 meeting at which leaders of the women’s rights movement called for equal rights for women
Women’s Rights Movement - an organized campaign to win property, education, and other rights for women
Hudson River School – group of American artists who painted landscapes of New York’s Hudson River Valley in the mid – 1800s
transcendentalist – member of the small, influential group of New England writers and thinkers who believed that the most important truths in life transcended, or went beyond human reason
individualism – concept that stresses the importance of each individual
civil disobedience – idea that people have a right to disobey laws they consider to be unjust if their consciences demand it
era – period of time associated with a particular moment in history
formal education – learning program that is completed in a public or private school system
salvation – being saved from sin or evil
vigorous – done with great force or energy
crusade – major effort to change something
influential – compelling or affecting the actions, behavior, or opinions of others
public opinion – the collective opinion of many people on an issue or problem
delegate – person who acts for or represents others
inferior – less important or worthy
persuasive logic – convincing argument in favor of one side of an issue
resolution – opinion about an issue made by a formal organization
ridicule – to mock or make fun of
suffrage – the right to vote
critic – person who opposes the views of others
fugitive – person running away from arrest or punishment
idealize – to think of or imagine something as perfect
material wealth – possessions or money
1. How was the South dependent on the North ?
Southern planters borrowed money from Northern banks to buy farm tools
2. Describe factory conditions in the 1840s ?
a. laborers worked long hours for low pay
b. factories used steam powered machines
c. factory owners hired entire families
3. By 1860, describe how was life for free African Americans in the South ?
faced harsh discrimination
4. List the effects of the cotton gin…
a. cotton profits increased enormously
b. cotton production increases required more slaves
c. cotton plantations extended as far west as Texas
5. What was the primary purpose of the slave codes ?
to prevent slaves from running away
6. Why were Clipper ships important to the United States ?
allowed US to gain a large share of the world’s sea trade/Global Economy
7. What caused the change in slave populationin Southern States between the 1820s and 1850s ?
slaves were used to plant cash crops of rice and tobacco
8. What effects did the invention of the Cotton Gin have regarding slaves and land on the
Southern Plantations ?
- increased profits
- they bought additional land
- they bought more slaves
9. Which group first encouraged the Abolitionist Movement ?
religious leaders in the Northern states encouraged the fight against slavery
10. Whatis “Cottonocracy” ? someone who owned 50 or more slaves
11. What was the best method of transportation on the Ohio River as the Westward Expansion
crossed over and moved West of the Appalachian Mountains ?
flatboats due to the shallow, rocky river bottom
12. Why was it difficult for enslaved couples to keep their families together ?
- Southern law did not recognize slave marriages
- Owners could sale any slave any time
- Slaves had no rights as citizens
13. What was the central premise the Second Great Awakening was based upon ?
American society could improve by attaining individual salvation
14. Competition for railroads hurt which business owners ? canal investors
15. Where did the vast majority of enslaved African Americans, in the South, work ?
in the fields
16. What made it possible for southern planters to boost their profits after 1793 ?
workers cleaned and processed more cotton per day with the cotton gin
17. Describe most small farmers in the South.
1. they formed the majority of Southerners
2. they owned one or two slaves
3. they worked alongside their slaves in the fields
18. How did Nat Turner resist being a slave ? he led a major slave revolt which killed many whites
19. List problems about the earliest American railroads…
a. they threw off sparks that sometimes set buildings on fire
b. weak bridges
c. head on collisions on one-way tracks
20. In the 1850s, how were cities and factories linked to the new markets ?
with the new railroads
21. The system of canals made it much easier to ship farm products from the Western farms to
the Eastern markets. How might this have affected Westward expansion ?
the cheaper shipping cost encouraged more settlers to move west for farmland
22. How did the improvements in transportation affect the number of states admitted
to the Union ?
Cheap transportation allowed more people to move West which increased the populations to
the required number, of 60,000 free men, for statehood
23. How did the Reform Movement, specifically the political origins and religious influences,
spark reform movements ?
they encouraged people to put their beliefs and principles to work to improve
the lives of their fellow Americans
24. List reasons why women such as - Susan B Anthony, Angelina & Sarah Grimke’, Harriett Tubman, etc. began to fight for their rights ?
while fighting to end of slavery, they began to realize that women did not have
full social and political rights
25. How did the free enterprise system and industrialization effect urbanization in the Northern
parts of the United States ?
factories in the cities prospered, so more workers from rural areas moved to the city to take paying jobs
26. In the late 1700s, a British innovation that made manufacturing goods easier and helped
spur the start of the Industrial Revolution was… ? power generated by a water wheel
27. What was the major economic differences between the North and the South which lead to
divisions within the United States ?
- the South was dependent on the North for capital
- the South was relent on the North for manufactured goods
28. Describe how the Cotton Kingdom impacted the South from South Carolina to Texas.
as the Cotton Kingdom spread, so did slavery
29. McCormick’s reaper did the work of ______people using hand tools.
Five; 1:5
30. Describe factory conditions in the 1840s ?
workers suffered from extreme temperatures and unsafe equipment
31. How did the practice of slavery hurt the development of Southern Industry ?
slaves had no money to buy manufactured goods
32. Large numbers of factory workers immigrated from what two countries ?
a. Ireland
b. Germany
33. Why did Southern cotton planters desire more ‘new’ land ?
the demand for cotton increased and so did the production capabilities due to the cotton gin
which would increase their profits
34. Which small group had the most influence in the South ? wealthy planters
35. What job did 75% of the white population do in the South ? small farmers
36. What was the EFFECT fromsteel plow, McCormick reaper, increased railroad construction,
road and canal construction? increase in agricultural production
37. What caused an increase of Irish immigrants to the US during the 1840s - 1850s ?
potato famine plagued Ireland and caused the lower class to be hungry
38. What was the best feature of steam powered factories ?
allowed factories to be built almost anywhere
39. Why did reformers insist that states set up publicly funded schools for the residents ?
they believed to be a successful republic, a well-educated citizens were required
40. Why did females take the lead in the temperance movement ?
women witnessed child abuse, felt spousal abuse, had no money for groceries, etc.
and blamed it on alcohol abuse
41. What was the connection between civil disobedience and the abolitionist movement ?
when they choose to help an African American escape from slavery, they
were engaged in nonviolent acts against a law they thought was immoral
42 What act of civil disobedience did Susan B Anthony get arrested for in 1872 ?
trying to vote
43. What is the common factor noticed in most of the works of American literature
of the early mid-1800s ?
common themes that reflect the nation’s Democratic ideals
44. What was the core believe of the transcendentalists ?
most important truths are beyond human reason
45. What was the purpose of trade unions ? to improve working conditions
46. What was the major factor that led to the development of plantation agriculture in the South ?
climate allowed planters to raise profitable cash crops
47. Communications were improved significantly by the invention of the telegraph.
a. Who invented it ? Samuel Morse
b. What year ? 1844
48. What 4 things caused the Development of the Plantation System ?
a. labor shortage in the colonies
b. growth of slavery
c. invention of the cotton gin
d. world-wide increased cotton demand lead to increased production
49. Why was there a lack of factories in South ?
a. slavery
b. an agricultural economy
50. What factor was most important in growing cotton in the 1800s ? slave labor
1 of Review Chapter 14~15 Yellow Answers March 2016