History of Planning (The Green Book, 2nd Ed., Planetizen On-line course, wikipedia.com, APA factbook)

  1. Prior to 1890
  2. 3 Periods (Colonial Era, Period of Expansion/westward migration, and years following the Civil war)
  3. 1790 – firs US Census
  4. Colonial tradition: preplanned communities norm for early colonial settlements
  5. Law of Indies fixed form of Spanish cities in the Americas
  6. Several US cities (New Haven, Philly, Detroit, Savannah) laid out in grid pattern
  7. Early settlements consisted of homes, streets, public spaces, churches, gov building
  8. Early republic
  9. Ordinance of 1785 established a system of rectangular survey coordinates, this opened the door to settlement of the American West
  10. L’Enfant commissioned to design capital
  11. radial plan, centered on Capitol and White House, connected by large diagonal boulevard (Pennsylvania Ave)
  12. lots of public open space and plazas, malls
  13. Andrew Ellicott completes L’Enfant’s task
  14. Large scale city plans developed early 1800’s (Detroit, New York) – grid patter to maximize efficiency
  15. 1803 – Louisana Purchase (800,000 square miles) – doubles nations size
  16. 1811 – Cumberland Road is the first major road in the US constructed with federal funds (Cumberland, MY to Columbus, OH)
  17. 1817 – Erie Canal is begun, operational in 1825
  18. Expansion
  19. 1830 – small grid plan laid out at site of Chicago
  20. 1830 – 1840 NY tenements (for waves of European immigrants)
  21. industrial cities – based on railroad transportation, need many works, which resulted in lots of tenement housing around factory sites
  22. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux – Central Park design in 1851
  23. 1862 – Homestead Act
  24. Postwar Era/Turn of the century
  25. 1867 – 1stNew York tenement housing law is enacted
  26. 1867 – San Fran passes first land use zoning restriction (obnoxious uses)
  27. 1867 – purchase of Alaska
  28. 1872 – Yellowstone is first national park
  29. 1879 – tenements laws expanded – now narrow air shaft is required between adjacent structures, also required 2 toilets)
  30. 1878 – John Wesley Powell – Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the UnitedState (includes a proposed regional plan to foster settlement and conserve water resources)
  31. 1877 – Munn v. Illinois: paved the way for future government intervention in land use (when property is devoted to a use having a public interest, owner must submit to be controlled by the public for the common good)
  32. Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives, Children of the Poor
  33. 1890v. 1892 – Chicago’s World Fair (Colombian Expansion) – white city, Daniel Burnham
  34. City Beautiful Movement – Daniel Burnham
  35. Garden Cities – Ebenezer Howard
  36. 1897 – first underground railroad constructed in Boston
  1. 1900 – 1920
  2. 1901- New Law (tenement law)
  3. Provisions of law
  4. required permits for construction, alteration and conversion
  5. required inspections
  6. penalties for construction
  7. Building condition requirement
  8. space for light and air between structures
  9. toilet and running water for each apartment
  10. 1902 – US Reclamation Act – uses funds from the sale of public lands to finance water storage and irrigation projects
  11. 1909 – first national planning conference (National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief), WashingtonDC;
    first city planning course – Harvard
  12. New era of plans
  13. McMillan Plan (1902) – for the development of WashingtonD.C.
  14. McMillan Commission – named by Sen. James McMillan, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Charles McKim)
  15. Inspired by the original 1791 plan for the City by Pierre L’Enfant
  16. American Republican Progressive movement
  17. Garden Cities, Ebenezer Howard
  18. 1903 – letchworth, England (designed as a City of 35,000 surrounded by greenbelt)
  19. Hampstead Garden Suburb, London (designed by Raymond Unwin) – first comprehensive neighborhood design
  20. 1903 – Cleveland Group Plan, Burnham, Carrere, Brunner (stimulated civic plans throughout the US)
  21. 1903 – firs national wildlife reguge established by Theodore Roosevelt at Pelican Island, FL
  22. 1904 – Plan for San Francisco, Burnham and Edward Bennett (one of 1st major cities to apply City Beautiful principles)
  23. 1907 – Hartford Commission, Connecticut (first official, local, and permanent town planning board in the US)
  24. 1907 – 1,285,000 immigrants, flooded tenements
  25. 1909 – Burnham creates first metropolitan-regional plan for Chicago
  26. large area with outer belt of regional parks and reservations
  27. radial and concentric highways
  28. lakefront park system
  29. straightened Chicago River
  30. 1909 – Wisconsin passes first state enabling act granting municipalities
  31. 1909 – Los Angeles passes land use zoning ordinance, creating zones for undeveloped land
  32. 2nd Decade, by 1910 92 million Americans
  33. 46% urban, 50 cities with over 100,000 residents
  34. Forest Hills , Frederick Las Olmsted – served as a model for suburban land development
  35. 1912 – Supreme Court case Eubank v City of Richmond finds that municipal control of the horizontal location of buildings on private property (via setback legislation) is constitutional
  36. 1912 – Walter Moody publishes Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago – used as an 8th grade textbook
  37. 1913 – Federal Reserve Act – creat4ed Federal Reserve as central bank
  38. 1914 – Carrying Out the City Plan (first major text on city planning)
  39. 1915 – Hadacheck v Sebastian, regulation not precluded by fact the values on investments prior to regulation would be diminished by the regulation (essentially validated zoning)
  40. 1916 – New York Cityzoning code, first comprehensive zoning code
  41. 1916 – Federal-Aid Road Act – provided assistance for state highway construction (4.7 million cars by 1917)
  42. 1916 – National Park Service established
  43. 1917 – American City Planning Institute (ACPI), precursor to AICP, formed (Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. – first president)
  44. US became an urban nations as it entered the 1920’s (51% of population lives in urban areas)
  1. 1920 – 1940: decades of contrast
  2. 1920’s – prosperity enabled first massive migration of middle-income people to the suburbs
  3. Focus of planning on undeveloped areas and subdivision controls.
  4. City Efficient and City Administrative begins replacing the City Beautiful movement
  5. City Efficient
  6. City Administrative
  7. 1921 – New Orleans creates nations first historic commission, Vieux Carre (French Quarter) becomes historic district in 1937
  8. 1922 – Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon – if a regulation goes too far, it will be a taking, established regulatory takings
  9. 1922 – Los AngelesCounty creates first county planning board
  10. 1922 – JC Nichols creates world’s first automobile-oriented shopping center, County Club Plaza, Kansas City
  11. 1924 – Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, US Dept of Commerce under Herbert Hoover
  12. 1925 – Cincinnati adopts first comprehensive plan, Alfred Bettman
  13. 1925 – first issue of City Planning is published (JAPA’s predececssor)
  14. 1926 – Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co – established the constitutionality of zoning
  15. 1927 – 810,000 dwelling units built
  16. 1928 – Radburn, NJ, Stein and H. Wright
  17. Superblocks, parks in center bounded by 2-story SF houses
  18. Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic
  19. 1928 – StandardCity Planning Enabling Act (US Dept of Commerce)
  20. Clarence Perry – neighborhood unit as the basic block of the city (elementary school at enter, bounded by arterial streets at the perimeter)
  21. Regional Survey of New York and its Environments (1928)
  22. 1930’s – Depression, focus on creating massive public works projects
  23. New Deal – focused mainly on unemployment, supported planning for the future (detailed studies, projections, economists, statisticians, and sociologists, etc)
  24. 1933 – first national planning board (abolished 1943)
  25. 1933 – Tennessee Valley Authority – independent, multifunctional governmental regional planning agency (flood protection, water management, recreational developments, power generation)
  26. 1933 – 1941 Public Works Administration provided employment through the construction of public works projects
  27. 1934 - Federal Housing Administration (FHA) created, basis for housing standards, Public Works Administration created (PWA)
  28. FHA provided government insurance for private home loans – removed financial risk, minimum standards for housing
  29. First federally supported public housing constructed in Cleveland, first to be occupied – Atlanta)
  30. 1934 – American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO), A Bettman first president
  31. 1935 – Resettlement Administration
  32. Greenbelt towns – assist in local employment and create model communities to guide future development
  33. Modified neighborhood units
  34. Greenbelt MY, Greenhills, OH, Greendale, WI, Greenbrook, NJ (not built)
  35. Social Security Act of 1935
  36. Housing Act of 1937, provide FHA mortgage insurance
  37. 1939 – American City Planning Institute (ACPI) renamed American Institute of Planners (AIP)
  38. 1940 – 1960:
  39. War and after
  40. Early part of decade, war planning essentially replaced city planning
  41. 1944 – GI Bill (Serviceman’s Readjustment Act), provided loans for homes to veterans accelerating growth of suburbs
  42. After 1945 – vast suburban expansion, heavily influenced highway construction, national prosperity, and FHA and VA housing programs
  43. large suburbs, manufacturing plants begin to move from core of city
  44. 1945 – Pennsylvania passes first state urban renewal act (Golden Triangle in Pittsburgh)
  45. FHA suburban housing projects
  46. 1947 – Levittown, NY,
  47. 1948 – Park Forest, IL
  48. Town and CountyShopping Center (Miracle Mile) – first regional shopping center (1949)
  49. Housing Act of 1949 – federal program for central city redevelopment
  50. 1949 – National Trust for Historic Preservation
  51. 1950 – suburban fringe areas increasing in population
  52. Housing Act of 1954, rehabilitation, housing codes
  53. Included citizen participation in redevelopment processes (Urban Renewal)
  54. Required urban renewal projects to be part of comprehensive plan
  55. 1954 – Berman v. Parker – redevelopment agency can condemn properties that are unsightly, not deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of adopted plan
  56. 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education – school integration
  57. 1956 – Interstate Highway Act - $ for over 40,000 miles of limited-access highways connecting nation
  58. 1958 – first Urban growth boundary, Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky
  59. Housing Act of 1959 - $ for preparation of comprehensive plans
  1. 1960 – 1980: by 1960 70% of nations pop lived in urban areas
  2. 1961 – congress authorizes housing sale with land, stimulating condo developments
  3. 1961 – Hawaii first state to introduce statewide zoning
  4. 1962 – New Jersey became the first state to license the practice of planning
  5. 1964 – Civil Rights Act, no discrimination in places of public accommodation
  6. 1965 – Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), cabinet level position (Robert Weaver – first secretary)
  7. Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 – extensive, provides rental supplements, low interest loans, subsidies
  8. 1965 – Water Quality Act
  9. 1965 – Economic Development Administration – provided federal support for local economic development
  10. Model Cities program – attack on urban blight and poverty, part of President Johnson’s Greta Society program
  11. Jones v Alfred H Mayer Co., finds that Civil Rights Acts prohibits racial discrimination in housing
  12. 1966 – National Historic Preservation Act – established National Register of Historic Places
  13. Late 1960’s planned unit developments gain popularity
  14. Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope. The Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.
  15. 1969 – Circular A-95: required regional planning agency review (helped establish regional planning)
  16. 1969 – NEPA, requires and EIS for every federal (or project with federal funding) that may harm environment
  17. New Federalism – many programs terminated, replaced with decentralized programs and federal revenue sharing
  18. 1970– EPA established
  19. 1971 – American Institute of Planners (AIP) adopts Code of Ethics
  20. 1972 – Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) begins
  21. 1972 – Clean Water Act
  22. 1973 – Endangered Species Act
  23. OregonLand Use Act – created statewide planning system and identified an UGB
  24. 1974 – Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) – revenue sharing
  25. 1974 – Safe Drinking water ct
  26. 1977 – 1st exam for AIP membership administered
  27. 1978 – Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) – assist distressed communities through leveraging
  28. 1970 – Dayton, OH allocated fairshare of housing throughout region
  29. MountLaurel v NAACP – court affirmed land use can’t eliminate opportunity for low and moderate income housing
  30. Okwood at Madison v Thownship of Madison et. Al – town must provide regional fair share of low and moderate housing
  31. Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation, if there is no record of an intent to discriminate in an exclusionary ordinance, act of discrimination does not exist
  32. 1976 – Supreme Court upholds referendum requirement (Eastlake, OH)
  33. 1976 – Young v. American Mini Theaters, upheld adult zoning as a way to maintain neighborhood character
  34. Growth Management & the Environment
  35. 1970 – Enviornmental Polilcy Act and environmental Protection Agency
  36. required environmental impact statements
  37. Growth Management cases
  38. Golden v Ramapo – court upholds towns requirement that permits are contingent on infrastructure, utilities, parks, etc (1972)
  39. Construction Industry Association of Sonoma County v Petaluma – building permit quotas (1971)
  40. Historic preservation
  41. 1978 – Boston Faneuil hall marketplace adaptation
  42. Penn Central v New York – company not entitled to compensation when terminal designated historic
  43. 1978 – AIP and ASPO consolidate into the APA
  44. 1978 – Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Act – provided for matching grants to renovate and improve parks
  1. Since 1980: 226.5 million people; 76% urban, many large cities still losing population
  2. 1980 – CRCLA (Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act) passed by congress (Superfund Bill), taxes polluting industries, uses $ to clean up polluted sites where individual responsibility is not known
  3. 1981 – enterprise zones provide incentives to investors for certain depressed areas of cities, enterprise zone legislation adopted by 25 states
  4. 1981 – Metromedia v. City of San Diego, struck down ordinance prohibiting off-site billboards as a violation of free speech
  5. San Diego Gas and Electric Co v City of San Diego – gov might be held liable for $ damages for a temporary taking from land use regulation
  6. Wilson and Voss v. County of McHenry – zoning regulation requiring minimum ¼ square mile lot in ag zones upheld, preservation of farmland is a valid public purpose and reasonable b/c its based on adopted comp plan
  7. Many programs cut or eliminated in early 1980’s, unemployment high, poverty increased
  8. Since 1980 – 90% of population growth in south and west
  9. 1983 – Mt.Laurel, all municipalities (in NJ) must build their fair-share of affordable housing, precedent-setting blow against racial segregation
  10. 1987 – FirstEnglishEvangelicalLutheranChurch v. County of Los Angles – even a temporary taking requires compensation
  11. 1987 – Nolan v. California Costal Commission – land use restrictions must be tied directly to a specific public purpose (permit conditions requiring public access easement dedication found invalid) – rational nexus
  12. 1991 – ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  13. coordination between land use and transportation planning
  14. required coordination between states and metropolitan areas for air quality
  15. higher levels of public participation
  16. 1992 – Lucas v. South Carolina Costal Council – limits local and state governments ability to restrict private without compensation, established total takings test
  17. 1994 - Dolan v. City of Tigard – a jurisdiction must show rough proportionality between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions being imposed on the developer (land dedication not related to proposed development)
  18. 1994 – NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) , US Canada, and Mexico
  19. 1994 – Empowerment Zones/Enterprise Zones – federal funds for distressed urban areas to make them competitive with suburban counterparts, used incentives (prop tax, sales tax reductions, wage credits, low-interest financing) to jump start economy
  20. 1994 – Executive Order on environmental justice
  21. 1996 – Telecommunications Act – to reduce regulatory barriers to market entry and competition
  22. 1998 – Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21)
  23. emphasized transit as an alterative to highway expansion
  24. new elements – focus on safety, protection of environment, advancing economic growth and competitiveness
  25. allows for flexibility in using funds for transit, alternative modes, historic preservation
  26. 2000 – President Clinton creates 8 new national monuments
  27. ReligiousLand Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) - 2000
  28. 2005 – Kelo v. City of New London, economic development is permissible as a public use for purposes of eminent domain

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