6

PARTS:

A. LEXICOLOGY – LEXICOGRAPHY – SEMANTICS

B. LEXICOLOGY

C. WORD FORMATION

D. LEXICOGRAPHY

A. LEXICOLOGY – LEXICOGRAPHY – SEMANTICS

References:

1. Jackson, H. (1988): 239-250

2. Svensen, B. (1990):1-2,

3. Zgusta, L. 1971,

4. Bratanić, M. 1989

- defining terms, vocabulary vs. lexis/dictionary

- lexicology vs. semantics (branches of linguistics): lexical form – lexical item & meaning

- semantics: lexical semantics – pragmatic semantics

- lexicography: art of dictionary making; linguistic discipline vs. profession

B. LEXICOLOGY

UNITS:

1. KEY ISSUES & FOUNDATIONS

References:

1. Carter, R. (1998):1-14 – (What’s in a word)

2. Jackson, H. (198)8: 1-18 (What is a word?)

3. Crystal, D. ( 1995): 118-9 (The nature of the lexicon)

1.1 definition of a WORD

(orthographic, minimum meaningful unit, stress, forms of words)

- lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry

1.2 lexemes & words

- lexeme as an abstract unit

- word form

- lexeme and polysemy

- lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry

1.3 grammatical vs. lexical words: lexical words: open & closed classes

1.4 morphemes: free & bound; morphology of the English language

1.5 word production & creativity

- word formation: inflection, derivation, conversion, compounding

- collocation

- phrases

- metaphor, etc.

1.6 multiple meanings and lexical relations

- polysemy

- antonymy

- homonyms, homophones, homographs

revised definition of a word - lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry

2. ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS – etymology, lexical borrowing, adding to the lexicon

References.:

1. Jackson, H. (1988): 19-34 (Where did English words come from?)

2. Crystal, D. (1995): 135-155 (Etymology)

3. Hatch, E & Brown, C. (1995) – Part 8 Adding to the lexicon, 170-187

3. EWD, Umbach (WNW), Barnhardt (World Book Dictionary.)

1. Origins

2. Borrowed words

- Old Norse / Danish, Norman Conquest 1066 – Middle. French, Classical Revival

- Mod. E. (combining words of Lat/Gr origin)

- New World (Spanish, Indian languages)

- Dutch, Spanish, Italian, 2nd World War

- Other (Mod. French, German, Spanish, Swedish), exotic lang.

- Intermediary languages

3. Making new words : Motivated words, Compounding, Derivation, Conversion, Blending, Clipping, Back formation , Acronyms

4. Etymology proper – in dictionary entries

5. Etymlogical Issues in dictionaries (EWD)

6. Method of presentation – word origin indicators; etymology in the entry ((Barnhardt, Umbach/WNW)

7. Nature – definition – issues : arguing etymologically (Crystal)

8. Neologistic compounds (Lat & Gr in Mod. E) – Orwell – Newspeak

9. Semantic change: (other than: euphemism, cliché, figurative language)

- extension / genaralisation

- narrowing / specialisation

- amelioration

- pejoration / deterioration

10. Folk etymology

4. WORDS AND MEANING

References:

1. Jackson (1988): 49-63 – Words and the world; 79-95 – Analysing word meanings

2. Carter (1998): 15-18 – Referential meaning; Componential analysis

3. Lyons, J. ( 1977): 174-229 (Reference, sense and denotation)

4. Lyons, J. (1979): 75 – 89 (The Lexicon)

5. Palmer, F.R, (1981) Semantics

6. Cruse, D. (1986) Lexical Semantics

- referential meaning

- componential analysis

- denotative vs. connotative meaning

- semantic relations

5. LEXICAL RELATIONS / STRUCTURAL SEMANTICS / WORD ASSOCIATIONS

References:

1. Carter 1998: 19-28; – (Structural semantics: Words and other words)

2. Jackson 1988: 64-78; - (Words and words)

3. Crystal 1995: 164-8; (Sense relations: synonyms, antonyms,

hyponyms, incompatibles; parts and wholes, series, hierarchies)

5. Lyons 1977: 270-316 (Structural semantics II – sense relations)

6. Hatch, E. 1995, 64- 83 (Relational models in semantics)

- synonymy

- antonymy (complementarity, converseness, incompatibility)

(hyponyms vs. supernyms, lexical taxonomies)

- relational models in semantics

6. WORD PATTERNS

Ref.:

1. Carter, R. 1998: 50-78 (Words and patterns)

2. Jackson, H. 1987: 79.95 (Meaning from Combinations)

3. Crystal, D. 1995: 160 – 164 (Lexical Structure)

6.1 collocations

6.2 lexical sets & fields

6.3 patterns, ranges, restrictions

6.4 idioms – fixed expressions

7. LEXIS AND DISCOURSE

References:

Carter, R. 1998: 79-114

Crystal, D. (1995) : 171 - 177

- lexical cohesion

- anaphoric nounns

- lexis and coherence

- lexis and genre

- lexical dimensions (connotation, taboo, swearing, jargon, political correctness

8. CORE VOCABULARY

References:

Carter, R. 1998: 34-46 (Core Vocabulary);

Carter, R. 1998: 236-238 (Core Vocabulary and language study: back to the core)

Carter, R. 1998: 275-279 (Case study – 9.4)

9. LEXIS AND LANGUAGE LEARNING

References:

Carter, R. 1998: 184-238 (Learning and teaching vocabulary)

Hatch, E. 1995: 376-400

- child’s acquisition of vocabulary

- concrete-abstract progression, generalizations

- what is a difficult word?

- The Birkbeck Vocabulary Project

- Word lists

- Words in context

- Word sets and grids

- Vocabulary for advanced learners

- Cloze and its uses

10. NAMES

References:

Hatch, E. 1995: 170- 185

Crystal, D. 1995: 140-155 (Names)

(a) place names – UK / US (New World), streets

(b) personal names: surnames, first names, nicknames, pseudonyms

(c) object names

11. THE VOCABULARY OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS AND SPEECH ACTS

References

Hatch, E. 1995: 329-362

- Communication signals (Open/close signals, back-channel signals, turn-taking signals, acoustically adequate and interpretable messages, non-participant constraints, Gricean norms, framing or bracket signals

- The lexicon of speech acts and speech events

12. LEXICON OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

References:

Hatch, E. (1995): 86-114

- figurative language

- metaphor as a universal process

- literary and conceptual metaphor

- social models of metaphor, etc.

C. WORD FORMATION

- root

- inflection,

- derivation: affixation

- conversion,

- compounding

References:

Quirk et al. (1995) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Arnold

Hatch, E. (1995): 189-209 (Processes in word building)

D. LEXICOGRAPHY

1. LEXICOGRAPHY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES

References:

Carter, R. (1998): 150-177 (Lexis and lexicography)

- lexis and lexicography

- dictionary and encyclopaedia

- dictionary information categories (formal/morphological, syntagmatic/combinational, semantic, encyclopedic, pragmatic)

- dictionary structure / organisation

2. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY

References:

Jackson, H. (1988): 79-95 (Why dictionaries?)

- before Johnson

- Samuel Johnson

- The New English Dictionary (OED, W3)

3. TYPES OF DICTIONARIES

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 9-39

Jackson, H. (1987): 157-173

- General-purpose vs. specialist dictionary

- Monolingual vs bilingual vs multilingual (Ščerba: the four types of dictionaries)

- alphabetical vs. non-alphabetical

- user demands & expectations

- users’ competence (for using the dictionary)

- criteria/dimensions in dictionary typology: prescriptive vs. descriptive, synchronic vs. diacronic, mono- vs. bilingual, general vs. technical, learners’, size (pocket, collegiate, desk, W3, OED, special etc.

4. DICTIONARY USERS

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 9-39

Jackson, H. (1987): 79-95 (Who uses a dictionary for what?)

- users’ demands

- user-friendliness

5. LEARNERS’ DICTIONARIES

References:

Jackson, H. (1987): 174-191 (Especially for the learner)

6. DICTIONARY MAKING – COLLECTION AND SELECTION OF MATERIAL – THE CRAFT OF LEXICOGRAPHY

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 40-63 (The collection and selection of material)

Jackson, H. (1987): 224-238 (The craft of lexicography)

- authenticity – evidence

- sources and their use

- representativeness – corpora, coverage

- suitability – user-friendliness

- pedagogical role, social role

- encyclopedic elements

7. HEADWORDS

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 64-68; 200-209

OALD, LDOCE, COBUILD, CIDE, W3, WNW, RH, OED

- headword vs. dictionary entry, homographs

- headword vs. entry (200-209)

- multi-word lexical units

- typographical form

- functions

- grammatical form

- special types of headwords

8. PHONOLOGICAL INFORMATION

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) :

9. GRAMMATICAL INFORMATION

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 74-97 (Inflection; Parts of Speech; Constructions)

Jackson, H. (1987): 142-156

10. PRAGMATIC INFORMATION

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 181-188; 163-166; 167-180; 194-188

Jackson, H. (1987): 152-156

- implicit & explicit pragmatic information

- subject field, register, mode, tenor

- examples

- explanations

- encyclopaedic information

- illustrations, etc.

- cross-references

- labels etc.

11. LEXICOGRAPHIC DEFINITION

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 112-139

Jackson, H. (1987): 126-141

Carter, R. (1998): 152-154

- Logical, scientific, lexicographic definition

- establishing separate meanings

- methods of defining

- paraphrases

- true definitions

- supports for definition

- defining vocabulary

12. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 140-162

- equivalence

- types of equivalence

- discrimination of meaning,

- format

- arrangement of meaning, etc.

13. MACROSTRUCTURE & MICROSTRUCTURE

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 210-229

14. LEXICAL SETS & COLLOCATIONS & IDIOMS

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 98-111

Jackson, H. (1987): 96-110; 208-223

Carter, R. (1998): 50-78

- lexical/semantic fields

- non-alphabetical dictionaries

- thematic lexicography (conceptual, thesauri, thematic, combinatorial)

15. DICTIONARY PROJECTS – CORPUS LEXICOGRAPHY

References:

Svensen, B. (1993) : 236-249

16. DICTIONARIES IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE

References:

Carter, R. (1998): 150-183

Svensen, B. (1993) : 250-271

- machine-readable dictionaries

- on-line dictionaries

- lexical databases

- corpus linguistics and lexicographic corpora

- concordances

- lexical density

- lexical measurements

- collocational and semantic software, etc.

REFERENCES:

Bratanić, M. (1989) Rječnik i kultura, Zagreb, Filozofski fakultet

Carter (1998) Vocabulary, London: Routledge

Cruse, D. (1986) Lexical Semantics, CUP

Crystal, D. (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, CUP

Hatch, E. (1995), Vocabulary, Semantics, and Language Education, CUP

Jackson (1988) Words and their Meaning, London: Longman

Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics vol. I, II, CUP

Palmer, F.R, (1981) Semantics, CUP

Quirk et al. (1995) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Arnold

Svensen, B. (1993) Practical Lexicography, OUP

Zgusta, L. (1971) Manual of Lexicography, The Hague, Mouton

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