Topic One: Chemistry of Living Things

Topic One: Chemistry of Living Things

All living things must maintain ______in order to stay alive.

A)Homeostasis: A ______state in the body.

B)Failure to maintain homeostasis results in ______or death.

C)Homeostasis is often maintained using ______mechanisms.

Feedback mechanisms are ______in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop.

D)While organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. The term used to describe the balanced state is______.

Dynamic Equilibrium: A balanced state created by many small, ______changes.

Word Bank: feedbackopposing dynamic-equilibrium cyclesdiseasebalanced homeostasis

Life Processes: All living things carry out the same basic chemical______. Taken together, these process make up an organism’s______.

A)Metabolism: All chemical processes used to maintain______.

______: Using nutrients for growth, synthesis, repair and energy.
______: Converts energy in food into a usable form (ATP).
______: Making complex chemicals from simple substances.
______: Absorbing and distributing materials throughout the body.
______: The control and coordination of life processes.
______: Removing of wastes produced by metabolic activities.
______: Passes on genes to offspring.

Word Bank: homeostasisprocessesmetabolismreproductionexcretionregulation transport synthesis respiration nutrition

Inorganic Chemicals: ______compounds

A)______( H2O) : Most common substance in all living things (about 60% of body mass)

Needed for chemical ______(won’t happen in “dry” conditions)
Dissolves other molecules into______, allowing them to be transported through the body.

B)______(O2): Needed by most (not all) organisms for cellular respiration.

Released by plants and algae as a waste product of______.
Aerobic respiration: Process that uses oxygen to extract ______from glucose (sugar). Used by most organisms.
Anaerobic respiration: Process that extracts energy from glucose ______using oxygen. Gives ______energy, so only used by some simple organisms (some bacteria, yeast). These organisms do not need to ______in oxygen.

Word Bank: solutionreactionswatersimplebreathewithout less energy oxygen photosynthesis

C)Carbon Dioxide (CO2): With water, used by plants to make glucose (photosynthesis).

Waste product of______.

D)Nitrogen (N2): Most common gas in air (70%)

Needed to make______.
Converted into ______by soil bacteria. Nitrates are ______by plants and then eaten by animals.
Excreted as waste in ammonia or ______.

E)Acids and Bases: Used for different functions in body (such as digestion).

Measured by the ______scale
Very high and very low pHs are usually______.
pH can affect rates of chemical reactions; for example, digestive ______work fastest in acidic environments, which is why we make stomach ______(hydrochloric acid, or HCl).

Word Bank: ureaabsorbednitratesproteinacidenzymes lethal pH aerobic-respiration.

______Compounds: Larger, more complex chemicals. Always contain the elements like carbon (C)and hydrogen (H). Synthesized from simpler substances (building blocks).

A)Carbohydrates: Sugars and______.

Building blocks: simple______.
Functions:
______energy.
______energy (starch in plants).

B)Lipids: fats, ______and waxes.

Functions:
Store energy.
Cell membrane.
Water______.
______.

Word Bank: storeprovidesugarsstarchesorganicoils proofing insulation

C)______: Complex compounds that carry out all the body’s activities.

Building blocks: ______.
After water, proteins are the most ______substances in the body.
Have many different functions as determined by their______.
Lock and ______Model: Proteins must have the right shape to “___” with other molecules.
Changing the shape of a protein will change what it can interact with its______.

Important types of proteins:
Hormones and neurotransmitters – carry ______through the body.
Cell receptors – in cell membrane; ______hormones and neurotransmitters.
Antibodies –______foreign pathogens
Enzymes- act as catalysts, ______all chemical reactions in the body.
High temperatures will cause enzymes to denature (lose their shape) and stop______. This is why high fevers are______.

D)Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): Make up ______and chromosomes.

Building blocks: Nucleotides; molecular ______(ATCGU)

Word Bank: functioningdangerouscontrollingattackreceivemessages genes bases function key fit shape plentiful amino-acids proteins enzyme

Topic Two: The Cell

Definition:______.

Cell Theory has three parts:
______.

Unicellular – single celled organisms (amoeba, paramecium)

Multicellular – have more than 1 cell; may be only a few (vorticella), or many trillions of cells (humans). Almost all structures in multi-celled organisms are made of or by cells.

______.

Everything you do is the result of the work of your cells – walking, talking, even thinking and feeling. When you get sick, it is because your cells are not working correctly.

______.

This seems obvious now, but at one time people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living things regularly emerged from nonliving things.

B)Exceptions to the Cell Theory

______are not made of cells. However, they also do not carry out all life processes, so many biologists do not consider them true living things.
______obviously could not come from another cell.

Organization

______– A cell part

Cell

______– A group of specialized cells

______– Group of tissues that work together

______– Group of organs that work together

Word Bank: virusestissueorganorgan-system organelle The-first-cell

All life functions are the result of the cell activities

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

All organisms are made of one or more cells

basic unit of structure and function in an organism

Cell Organelles: These are the tiny cell parts that make up a cell.
______
Controls the cell
Contains hereditary material (chromosomes, genes, DNA)
______
Fluid/liquid in the cell – mostly water
Helps transport material
______
Carries out cellular respiration.
Gives cell energy (Powerhouse of the cell).
______
Makes proteins from amino acids.
______
Stores food, water and waste
Food vacuoles may digest large molecules.
Waste vacuoles may excrete waste out the cell membrane
______
Carries out photosynthesis
Plant and algae cells only
______
Gives shape, structure and protection.
NEVER found in animal cells.
______
Separates cell interior from environment
Controls what enters and leaves the cell using______.
Has ______that pick up signals from other cells.

Has ______which are proteins that identify the cell; prevent the cell from being attacked by the immune system.

Word Bank: antigenstransportchloroplastcell-wallreceptor-proteinscell-membrane vacuole ribosome mitochondrion cytoplasm nucleus

Topic Three: Nutrition, Photosynthesis and Respiration

Reminder: All life processes are chemical activities which make up your______.

Nutrition: Taking in nutrients (______) for various activities including:
Respiration (______)
Growth
Repair
______

A)Ingestion: ______.

B)Digestion:______.

Nutrients must be broken down into smaller parts so that they can be ______into the blood and cells of organisms.
Starches are digested into______.
Proteins are digested into______.

Word Bank: amino-acidsabsorbedsugarssynthesistaking-in-nutrients

metabolismbreaking down-nutrientsfoodenergy

C)Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms take ______materials (______,H2O) and convert them into organic nutrients (______).

Auto =______; troph = ______so Autotroph = ______.
______is most common form of autotrophic nutrition
Ex: plants,______.

D)Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms must ______nutrients made by other organisms.

Hetero =______, so Heterotroph =______.
All ______and ______are heterotrophs.
Includes:
______: consumes animals.
______: consumes plants.
______: consumes both.
______: breaks down dead matter.

Word Bank: otherfungianimalsconsumefeeds-on-othersself photosynthesis self-feeding glucose simple-organic decomposers CO2 omnivore herbivore carnivore other feeding algae

Photosynthesis: Process in which sun’s energy is trapped in the chemical ______of sugar.

A)Requires______, CO2 and H2O.

B)Makes ______(C6H 12O6) as food.

C)______and ______are waste products.

D)Benefits:

Provides ______for all plants, animals and other organisms.
Provides oxygen to______.
Removes ______from atmosphere.

E)Plant adaptations:

Chloroplast: Cell organelle that does______.
Gas exchange:
Stomata : ______under a leaf; let gases in and out
Guard cells: open and close stomata to prevent______.
Transport:

Xylem and Phloem: “tubes” ______food and water throughout the plant.

Word Bank: photosynthesistransportdehydrationholesoxygenwater carbon-dioxide bonds glucose sunlight food stomates

Cellular Respiration: Process that takes______from sugar molecules and places it in molecules of______.

A)ATP is the ______all life uses for energy.

No organism can get energy from ______or sugar without first putting the energy into ATP.

B)Requires______, oxygen and water.

C)______and ______are waste products.

D)Most organisms carry out aerobic respiration (uses oxygen) in their______.

E)______respiration does not require oxygen, but gives less ATP (energy) for each molecule of sugar.

When exercise causes human muscles to run out of______, their cells will do anaerobic respiration. The waste product, ______, causes muscles to “burn” so that you will stop.

Word Bank: ATPmoleculeenergyglucoselactic-acidsunlight carbon-dioxide water mitochondria anaerobic

F)
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are ______reactions! They are also important in ______oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and water through the environment.

______

______+ CO2 + H2O  glucose + O2 + H2O

______

glucose + O2 + H2O  CO2 + H2O + ______

G)Common mistakes:

“Plants use photosynthesis, animals use respiration.”

All organisms, including plants, use respiration to get their______.

“Respiration is breathing.”

Breathing is not respiration. Breathing ______the gases needed for respiration. Inhaling and exhaling does not give you ATP.

“Oxygen is used to breathe.”

This is backwards. Breathing is used to get oxygen which is used for respiration. Without oxygen, you have no______, no ATP, and no energy.

“All living things need oxygen/need to breathe.”

Anaerobic organisms do not need oxygen, and do not have to______.

Word Bank: cyclingoppositeexchangesenergyrespirationATPsunlight cellular-respiration photosynthesis breathe

Topic Four: The Human Body

Organization: The human body is made up of______.

A)All humans (and most other organisms) begin life as a ______cell.

This single cell is called a______.
The nucleus of this cell has ______the genes needed to become a complete organism.

B)Humans grow as a result of ______cell division).

This quickly increases the number of cells in the body until there many ______of cells.
Since all new cells come from the same single cell, they all share the same______.

C)As cells divide, they begin to develop into specialized______.

______or Differentiation: Process in which a cell changes to have a special shape and function.
Cells specialize by ______specific genes on or off.
Ex: A ___blood cell has turned off all genes needed to make skin, bone, or nerves. It still has those genes, but only the genes ______to be a white blood cell remain turned on.

D)As the body continues to develop, tissues will work together to form______.

E)Organs will work together to form______.

F)Org an systems will work together to help a person maintain______.

Word Bank: trillions cells single tissues zygote needed white all mitosis specialization genes homeostasis organs turning organ-systems

Nervous System

A)The nervous system ______your body with electrochemical______.

The chemical portion of a nerve impulses is called a______.
Neurotransmitters released by 1 nerve cell are received by ______in the cell membrane of the next nerve cell.
The ______of the receptor molecule determines which neurotransmitter it can receive.

B)A nerve cell is also called a______.

C)The main organs of the nervous system are the ______and______.

D)The spinal cord controls ______and relays impulses between the brain and body.

Word Bank: shape regulatesreflexes impulsesneurotransmitterreceptor-proteins muscle neuron brain signal spinal-cord

Endocrine System

A)Uses______to regulate thebody.

A hormone is a chemical ______secreted by endocrine glands.
Hormones are slower than nerve impulses, but with ______lasting effects.
Hormone levels are controlled by ______mechanisms.

______molecules on the surface of the cell membrane receive hormones. As with all proteins, it is the ______of the receptor molecule that determines which hormone it can receive.

B)The ______makes ______and glucagon which control blood sugar.

Common mistake: “Insulin lowers blood pressure.”

Insulin (and glucagon) directly control blood ______(or glucose) levels, not blood pressure.

C)Adrenal glands make ______when the body is under stress.

D)Testosterone (male), estrogen and progesterone (female) are the sex hormones. These are made in the ______(testes for males, ovaries for females).

Word Bank: longer hormonesfeedbackmessengerreceptorshapepancreas gonads insulin adrenaline sugar molecule

IV.Circulatory System

A)Moves ______through the body to the organs and cells that need them.

B)Transported material includes:

______and ______from intestines to all cells of body.
______from lungs to all cells of the body.
______from glands to target cells
______from all cells to the excretory organs.

C)Materials usually enter and leave the blood through______.

Diffusion: Process in which material moves from a ___concentration to a low concentration.
Ex: There is a high concentration of oxygen in the lungs, so oxygen will diffuse from the lungs into the______, which has less oxygen.
______: Microscopic blood vessels where diffusion occurs.

D)The ______is the pump that drives the circulatory system.

E)______carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin: ______in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

F)______is the fluid of the blood. It transports everything except oxygen.

G)Platelets ______the blood.

H)Common mistakes:

1. “The heart pumps oxygen to the brain.”

Technically true, but the heart pumps blood (which carries the oxygen) ______in your body.

2.“Oxygen diffuses into and out of the heart.”

No materials in or out of the blood when it is in the heart. This occurs in capillaries.

Word Bank: materialnutrientswaterprotein high diffusionoxygen hormones wastes clot capillaries heart blood red-blood-cells everywhere plasma diffuse only white-blood-cells

V.Respiratory System:

A)Breathing provides needed for cellular respiration (which uses energy from sugar to make).

B)Excretes the waste ______which is produced from cellular respiration.

C)The ______is the muscle that allows breathing to occur.

D)You breathe faster when CO2 builds up in the ______(not when you need oxygen).

E)The ______are microscopic sacs where oxygen enters the blood and CO2 leaves the blood.

1.The alveoli are surrounded by ______which pick up oxygen and drop off CO2.

Word Bank: diaphragm capillariesoxygen ATPalveoliblood CO2

Digestive System:

A)Food is ______down so that it is small enough to enter the body tissues/cells.

Food is broken down mechanically and______.
Nutrients and water are ______into the body in the small and large intestines.

B)The digestive system is a one way ______through the body that includes the mouth, stomach and intestines.

C)Food is moved through the digestive system by muscular contractions (______).

D)Undigested food is ______as solid waste (feces).

E)Common mistakes:

“The digestive system excretes waste.”

The digestive system does not excrete waster (see excretory system).

“The digestive system gives you energy.”

The digestive system gives______. Energy is gained by cellular respiration.

Word Bank: passagechemicallynutrientsabsorbedperistalsisbroken eliminated excretes

VII.Excretory System:

A)Removes waste produced by the ______of your body.

1.These wastes include ______,______,______and______.

B)Lungs excrete ______and______.

C)The skin excretes ______and ______as sweat.

D)The kidneys excrete ______and ______and other substances as urine.

1.______also control the amount of water in your body.

E)The ______filters toxins and dead red blood cells from the blood.

F)Common mistake:

1.“The body excretes feces.”

Feces never enters cells of the body, so technically it is not excreted. The correct term is “______” or “egested.”

Word Bank: cells salt (2)water (4)urea (2)liverCO2(2) kidney eliminated excretory

Immune System

A)The job of the immune system is to protect the body against______.

B)Pathogen: ______.

Types of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and______.

C)______Blood Cells are the main components of the immune system.

Different w.b.c’s have different roles, including:
______pathogens.
“____” pathogens for destruction by other wbc’s.
Destroy pathogen by ______it.
Destroy pathogen using______.
Make______.

D)Antibodies are ______made by white blood cells to attack pathogens.

Every antibody is specific in its______– it can attack one and only one ______of pathogen. As with all proteins, this is because the shape of the antibody must fit its ______(lock and key model).

Word Bank: parasitesidentify pathogensdisease-causing-organismtag white chemicals proteins eating antibodies action type target

E)Antigensare protein “______” that identify a cell or virus.

Your blood type is determined by your ______(you can have A or B antigens, both or nether (type O).
Any cell of virus with the wrong antigen will be seen as ______by your immune system, attacked, and destroyed. This is why you must match blood types before receiving blood or an organ______.

F)A ______is an injection of a dead or weakened pathogen.

Triggers the body to make antibodies ______that pathogen.
Effective against both ______and bacteria.
Can only ______disease, not cure it.

G)______are drugs used to stop infections by bacteria.

Antibiotics will not ______against viruses.
Unlike vaccines, antibiotics can ______diseases.

H)Common mistake:

“Antibodies are cells that attack pathogens.” Antibodies are______, not cells.

Word Bank: tagsvaccineforeign antibioticsantigenstransplant prevent cure against viruses work proteins

Interactions between body systems

A)The different systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis.For example:

Nutrients from the ______system are transported to cells by the ______system.
Wastes from the ______system are removed by the ______system.
The ______and ______systems work together to control the body.
The ______system protects the ______system from disease.

Word Bank: respiratory immune nervous (2) endocrine excretory circulatorydigestive

Diseases and Disorders

A)Typically the exam asks you to name a disease, what ______it, its effect on the______, and how to prevent/treat/cure it. The most important diseases and disorders for you to know are:

AIDS
Caused by the ______virus (a pathogen)
Weakens human immune system, leaving body ______to other diseases.
Spread through bodily______, usually sexual contact, intravenous (IV) drug use (sharing needles), or blood______.
Can’t be cured, but spread may be ______by sexual abstinence, “safe” sex (using condoms), not sharing needles, or ______blood before using it for a transfusion.

Word Bank: HIV transfusions causes prevented vulnerable fluids testing body

Cancer
Caused when a cell reproduces (divides) at an______rate, forming a tumor.
Cancer cells do not specialize and take ______from healthy tissue.
May be caused by______, chemicals (such as asbestos or cigarette smoke), and viruses.
Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, and______.

Diabetes
Affects body’s ability to control blood______.
Some diabetics may be treated using injections of ______made by genetically engineered bacteria.

Allergies
Occur when the immune system ______to a harmless substance (such as pollen)
______is a form of allergy caused by a reaction to dust particles in the air.

Word Bank: radiation sugar chemotherapy insulinuncontrolledresources reacts asthma

Topic Five: Reproduction

Asexual reproduction:

A)Advantages: ______

B)Disadvantage: ______

Sexual reproduction:

A)Advantage: ______