Vocabulary for Chapter 3
American History
Mercantilism:
· Economic Theory used by Britain.
o Used to protect mother countries industries
o Created new tariffs to support the government
o Important to increase foreign trade
o Increase exports over imports
o Accumulate money to enhance power in the world
o Need a favorable balance of trade
Parliament:
· Governing body in Britain
o Creates laws for both the mother country and the colonies.
o Provide protection and enforced laws of the colony
o Limited the power of the monarch after James II leaves power.
Navigation Acts:
· Laws put in place by Parliament in an attempt to supervise the mercantilist system in the colonies.
o Regulated shipping and trade
o Gave provincial customs authority to colonial naval officers
o Confined trade to ships owned and manned by English men.
o Voided all colonial laws that contradicted the Navigation Acts.
o Developed a Board of Trade that replaced the Lords of Trade.
§ Were authorized to rule on colonial laws that violated parliamentary laws or common laws that worked against the realm’s interest.
o Main purpose was to try and break the Dutch hold on the carrying trade and favor British shipping.
Dominion of New England:
· King Charles revoked the Charter of Massachusetts
o Reason was their failure to comply with the Navigation Acts.
· Massachusetts is merged with several other colonies.
o Included Southern Maine south through New Jersey.
· King appointed a royal governor and a council to run the new royal colony with a free hand.
o Appointed Sir Edmund Andros.
§ A competent administrator
§ Not an advocate of the Puritan faith
o Ended representative government.
o Taxed without input from colonists.
o Town governments were outlawed.
o Land grants revoked and lands had to be repurchased.
o Customs officers were put in place to ensure the Navigation Acts were followed.
o Questioned the legality of Puritanism.
Glorious Revolution:
· Precipitated by the birth of King James II‘s birth of his son.
o Parliament feared the monarchy would be Catholic for a long period.
o Feared for their Protestantism and parliamentary rights.
· Parliament invited William of Orange and his army to sail from Holland.
o Husband of King James II’s daughter.
o Landed in England without any opposition.
· James II fled England for France
· William and Mary were installed as the new joint monarchs of Britain.
o In return for Parliament’s support, William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights.
§ Protected the rights of individuals
§ Gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury.
§ Taxes could not be raised by the monarch with out approval of Parliament
§ The monarch could not raise an army with out the approval of Parliament.
Salutary Neglect:
· An unspoken agreement that let the colonies develop without being over regulated by Britain.
o Colonists were allowed to practice different forms of self-government.
· Policy benefited both Britain and the colonies.
Cash Crops:
· Crops that were generally grown for the primary purpose of selling to others for a profit.
o Personal use was only after crops were sold
· Economic basis for Americas’ southern economy.
o Virginia and Maryland crops was tobacco
o South and North Carolina and Georgia crops were rice and later indigo.
Triangular Trade:
· Colonial trade route between New England, the West Indies and Africa.
o Called the triangular trade due to the shape of the three legged route.
· The first leg of the route was from New England to the West Indies.
o Ships carried goods from New England to sell in the West Indies.
§ Fish
§ Lumber
§ Other goods
o New England purchased good from the West Indies and brought them back to New England.
§ Sugar
§ Molasses
· The second leg of the triangular trade route was from New England to West Africa to trade.
o New England brought additional goods.
§ Rum, made from the sugar and molasses
§ Guns
§ Gunpowder
§ Cloth
§ Tools
o Traded with the West Africa for slaves
· The third and final leg of the triangular trade route was from West Africa to the West Indies.
o Sold the African slaves for molasses and sugar to make more Rum.
· Many New England merchants became very wealthy form the triangular trade route.
o Disobeyed the Navigation Acts
§ Sugar and molasses were to be purchased from English colonies.
§ Bought from the Dutch, French and Spanish colonies for a cheaper price.
o Bribed customs officials to look the other way.
Middle Passage:
· It is the trip between Africa and the Americas within the Triangular trade route.
Stono Rebellion:
· Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739.
o Twenty slaves met at the Stono River with weapons and proceeded to kill several planter families.
o Proceeded south trying to get other slaves to join and go south into Spanish Florida where the Stono Indians would help them.
o Group was surrounded by that afternoon by white militia.
§ Fighting broke out and many of the rebellious slaves died.
· Rebellion frightened many southern colonists.
o Result of this rebellion was the passage of harsher slave laws.
Enlightenment:
· A philosophical movement.
o Characterized by reliance on reason and experience.
§ Replaced dogma and tradition
o Emphasis on a humanitarian political goals and social progress
§ First developed in the field of science.
· Looking beyond religious authority to explain how and why the universe worked.
o Philosophy was another component.
· Results:
o Americans were better educated
o New ideas made more sense to them than the large population of uneducated in Europe.
· Individuals that started this movement included:
o Benjamin Franklin
o Isaac Newton
Great Awakening:
· A religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.
o Started by the New England preacher, Jonathan Edwards in the colonies.
§ Called on colonists to examine their lives.
§ Gave powerful sermons
· Warned listeners that if they did not follow the Bibles teachings they would be heading for hell.
o English minister George Whitefield arrived in the colonies in 1739.
§ He also drew great crowds to outdoor religious meetings from Massachusetts to Georgia.
· Called on sinners to reform
· The Great Awakening started bitter debates.
o People split for old churches to form new churches.
o Created a more tolerant people for different beliefs.
New France:
· Colonies settled by French government
o Location is from Canada south to the Gulf of Mexico and west to the Rocky Mountains.
o Sparsely populated colony
§ Fur traders
§ Priests looking to convert Native Americans
o Excellent relationship with Native Americans
§ Created military alliances with some tribes.
French and Indian War:
· Resulted from the growth of French empire intersected with the British empire
· Conflict began in 1754
o French built Fort Duquesne on what is present day Pittsburgh, Pa.
§ Britain had already granted 200,000 acres of this land to wealthy planters from Virginia.
o Virginia governor sent militia into the area to evict the French.
§ George Washington let the group.
o Washington established an outpost approximately 40 miles from Fort Duquesne.
§ Called Fort Necessity
o Washington attacked a detachment of French soldiers in May of 1754.
o French counter attack.
§ Washington is forced to surrender and return to Virginia without completing his mission.
· One year later Washington returned to the area with General Edward Braddock.
o Mission was to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley.
o Launched an attack on Fort Duquesne.
§ Was ambushed by French soldiers and Native American allies.
· Used the Hit & Run method of fighting.
· Britain faced a large number of defeats with the French in 1755 and 1756.
o King George II is angry at how poorly the British solders are doing fighting the French.
§ Selects new governors to run the governments
· William Pitt was one that was chosen
· William Pitt reinvigorated a very defeated British army
o Battle victories soon shifted to the British
o An alliance was made with the Iroquois Nation
· Very decisive changes in the war occurred in 1759.
o Outside Quebec, British troops scaled the protective cliff around Quebec.
§ French were taken by surprise
§ Short but deadly battle ended in French defeat
o This battle leads the British to become the victor in the war.
· War ended in 1763 and settlement came with the Treaty of Paris.
o Britain claimed all lands east of the Mississippi River.
§ This included Spanish Florida
· Lost due to their allegiance with France.
o Spain gained French lands west of the Mississippi River including New Orleans.
o France kept control of a few island near Newfoundland and in the West Indies
o Native Americans were the big losers in this treaty.
· Problems resulting from the French and Indian War.
o British government stationed 10,000 troops’ territories to control the Native Americans and former French subjects.
§ Added a huge expense to the British budget.
· Forced to borrow money during the war which came close to doubling their debt.
o British colonist saw the troops not as protectors by as a standing army against them.
Proclamation of 1763:
· British government banned settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains.
o Created a Proclamation line that no settler was to move west of.
o Those who had already moved west of the Proclamation line were expected to move back east.
· Reasoning behind the Proclamation line.
o Avoid further conflict with Native Americans
o Governing the colonies would be easier
o Would not need as many troops to protect colonists
· Preventing colonist from moving west of the Proclamation line proved difficult.
o Colonist did not follow this law and moved west of the Appalachians anyway.
Sugar Act of 1764:
· Enacted when it was discovered that the Customs Service was costing the British government more than what they were taking in taxes.
o Prompted Parliament to pass the Sugar Act.
· This law did three things:
o Cut the duty in half on foreign-made molasses
§ Hoped colonists would pay a lower tax rather than risk arrest for smuggling
o Placed duties on certain imports.
o Strengthened enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to prosecute smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court instead of the colonial court
§ Colonial courts tended to be more sympathetic toward smugglers.
· This was one of the steps that led to disagreements between the British government and colonists over taxation.
Key People
Sir Edmund Andros:
· Appointed governor of the Dominion of New England by King Charles II.
· Personality and qualifications:
o Strong administrator
o Arrogant
o High handed
· Made many enemies in the colonies in a very short time.
· Under his authority and his council changes were made to New England.
o Levied taxes with no colonial input
o Disassembled town governments
o Forced colonist to reconfirm land titles with the Dominion
§ Then was forced to pay rent to the Dominion
o Ended representative government
o Brought in customs officers to ensure the Navigation Acts are enforced
o Questioned the legality of Puritanism
· Due to his directives, Massachusetts colonist sent a prominent minister to London to try and get him recalled.
o Glorious Revolution occurs before the minister can present his case.
o Massachusetts staged its own Glorious Revolution.
§ Arrested Andros and his royal councilors
Slave:
· Term given to a person who becomes property of another individual.
o All legal rights are stripped
o All social rights are stripped.
Benjamin Franklin:
· Self-made man.
o Considered the best example of the Enlightenment in the colonies.
o Born to a poor Boston soap and candle maker
o Believed in self improvement
§ Worked his way to being an important colonial leader.
§ Inventor
o Embraced getting to the truth through experimentation and reasoning
· Had only two years of formal education.
o Used his spare time for self-improvement
§ Read
§ Studied literature
§ Mathematics
§ Foreign languages
· Wanted to use reason to improve the world around him.
Jonathan Edwards:
· Puritan minister who looked to revive the original commitment to the original Puritan religion.
o Preached that church attendance was not enough for man’s salvation.
§ People must acknowledge their sins and feel that God loves them.
o His preaching was one of the driving forces in the Great Awakening.
§ Most famous sermon is called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
· When the Great Awakening ended, he was rejected by his own congregation.
o Thought he was too strict about doctrine
o Result of his loosing his congregation Edwards moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
§ Spent his remaining years as a missionary to a Native American settlement.
George Washington:
· A Virginia military officer.
o Sent by the governor to establish an outpost in the Ohio territory.
§ Named his outpost Fort Necessity
· Attacked a small French military troop near Fort Duquesne.
o Result was a counter attack by the French.
o Result was Washington was forced to surrender
§ Returned to Virginia without completing his mission.
· One year late returned to the Ohio territory with General Edward Braddock.
o Goal was to force France out of the territory.
o Involved in a battle on Fort Duquesne.
§ French surprised them with their Native American allies.
· Used the Hit and Run technique.
§ Battle was lost, but Washington showed promise as a leader.