Mr. Baker
APUSH
Unit 4 2009-10 Monday, December 07, 2009
Unit 4: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1844-1877
Readings in America’s History, 6 ed. and Amsco
Chapter 13 The Crisis of the Union, 1844-1860
Chapter 14 Two Societies at War, 1861-1865
Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1865-1877
Syllabus with Focus Questions
November 30 M Introduce new unit
Manifest Destiny North and South
Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion united more than divided the United States in the period 1830-1860.
December 2 W War, Expansion, and Slavery
The End of the Second Party System
“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” Twain
- There was no realistic expectation that the Compromise of 1850 would be a viable long-term solution. Defend or refute.
- The Compromise of 1850 was not a compromise. Instead, southern leaders surrendered to northern interests.
- What were the causes of the Mexican-American War?
- Calhoun’s expansionist policies created a crisis that could not be controlled.
December 4 F Amsco: National Parties in Crisis, Extremists and Crisis, Constitutional Issues (pg. 244-250)
- What were Lincoln’s views on slavery, civil rights, and colonization?
Take home DBQ on John Brown
December 7 M Democrats of the 1850s
Sectional Strife and the Third Party System
“Bleeding Kansas”
- President Lyndon Johnson said of his antagonist then-Senator Nixon, “In politics, chicken shit can turn into chicken salad, and vice versa.” TWE does this quote apply to John Brown between the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre and the raid on Harper’s Ferry?
December 9 W Amsco: Ch. 14 The Civil War: The War Begins, First Years…, Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
Article: Ramsdell, Charles. “The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion.”
3. TWE was the Civil War about slavery?
December 11 F Amsco: Ch 14 The Civil War: The End of Slavery, The Union Triumphs, Effects of the Civil War…
- The North receives too much credit for its victory in the Civil War.
December 14 M Presidential Reconstruction
December 16 W Radical Reconstruction
Quiz
- Grant or Lincoln should have been impeached instead of Johnson.
December 18 F The Undoing of Reconstruction
- The North won the Civil War but the South won the Reconstruction.
- Did economic, social, and political developments in the period 1860-1877 amount to a revolution?
January 11 M Unit 4 MC and FRQ Test
Hub dates are due in class
On-line resources
v http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/es_shift.html
v http://www.teacheroz.com/Civil_War_Causes.htm
v http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/dbq/#I
v http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/
Hub dates
1865
1877
In addition to these assignments, we will be discussing the essential questions of the unit either as a class, in small groups, using simulations, or on-line as resources become available.
Chapter summaries: 1845-1860
- Texas won its independence from Mexico in 1836 and asked the United States for annexation as a state. The United States refused and Texas became an independent Republic.
- Texas was annexed by the U.S. in 1845.
- The U.S. government pursued a policy of “manifest destiny” to eventually take in land from “sea to shining sea.”
- The Oregon territory was acquired by the U.S. in the Oregon treaty of 1846.
5. President Polk created an incident on the Nueces River in 1846 that led to a declaration of war against Mexico.
6. The Mexican War was settled by the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo by which the U.S. acquired west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and parts of Colorado.
7. By the Compromise of 1850, the north won California as a free state, while the south gained a new fugitive slave law and the principle of popular sovereignty.
8. Senator Stephen Douglas attempted to turn the issue of popular sovereignty to his advantage in the opening of Nebraska under the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Instead the issue created the Republican Party, brought fighting to Kansas, and started the slide toward the Civil War.
9. The Dred Scott decision, which nationalized slavery, drove a deeper wedge between the North and South, made Lincoln a national figure and heightened the split between N. and S.
10. John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry Virginia turned him into a martyr and brought the nation to the brink of war.
11. Lincoln was elected in 1860 with 40% of the popular vote making him a minority president, yet defeating all three of his opponents. Many southerners backed secession as the only response.
Study Questions:
1. Who started the war with Mexico? Why did America fight this war?
2. How was the agreement of 1850 a compromise? Did it solve problems or just make new ones? Explain using examples.
3. Why was Kansas bleeding? Explain.
4. Was John Brown a murderer or a martyr? What is your opinion and why?
5. Who were the Republicans and how were they formed? What was their platform in 1860? Who was their constituency?
6. The Lincoln/Douglas debates were in the state of Illinois. Why did they take on such a large national interest? What issues came up in the debates and what does this tell you about Lincoln?
7. What did the events of the 1850’s do to the political party system? Explain.
8. What legal and Constitutional arguments did the South make in support of secession? What social and economic arguments?
§ Define and discuss the phrase “Manifest Destiny.” Explain how this belief came to divide the nation.
§ How did THREE of the following lead to the secession of South Carolina in 1860?
-Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833
-Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and its aftermath
-Dred-Scott Decision of 1857
-Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858
-Election of Lincoln 1860
§ Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of THREE of the following:
-Missouri Compromise
-Mexican War
-Compromise of 1850
-Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter summaries: 1861-1877
1. Secession had taken peacefully until President Lincoln forced the issue and the South fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
2. Southern advantages in the Civil War included the sympathy of European upper classes, an excellent officer corps, and the belief that they were fighting for their independence.
3. The North had many more material advantages than the South: wheat over cotton, the idea of Union, more industry, manpower, capital, resources, and the moral objective of ending slavery.
4. The Northern strategy, the Anaconda Plan, involved blockading the Southern coast, dividing the West from the East by seizing the Mississippi, and dividing and conquering what remained.
5. The North sustained continued losses in the East until the Battle of Antietam in the Fall of 1862.
6. Lincoln used this victory to issue the Emancipation Proclamation which only freed slaves in rebel states. Slavery was still in effect in border and Union states. The effect however, was that the EP stopped intervention by Europe and encouraged Confederate slaves to rebel and join the Union armies.
7. The battles of 1863 virtually decided the war. Grant seized the Mississippi at Vicksburg, cutting the South in half while Meade defeated lee at the famous three day Battle of Gettysburg.
8. Many early soldiers on both sides were volunteers. After casualty lists grew, both the North and the South resorted to conscription.
9. The North was able to financially fight the Civil War with increased tariffs, bond sales, and a small income tax. Without the ability to tax, the Confederate economy collapsed and inflation raged out of control after 1863.
10. The industrial North came out of the Civil War in the midst of a financial boom, the South was destroyed.
11. Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus and other civil liberties during the Civil War due to the war itself and the large number of dissenters (Copperheads) during the war.
12. The war ended when Lee surrendered at Appomattox in 1865.
13. Reconstruction was the plan to bring the Southern states back into the Union.
14. There were three Reconstruction Plans: Lincoln’s, Johnson’s, and the Radical Republican plans.
15. After the death of Lincoln, debate focused on the differences between the Presidential Reconstruction Plan and the Congressional Reconstruction Plan.
16. Congressional Reconstruction, formed by the Radical Republicans, focused on punishing the South for seceding from the Union and the damage caused during the War.
17. Presidential Reconstruction focused on quickly returning the states to the Union and ensuring support for the Republican Party.
18. Black Americans enjoyed some freedoms during Reconstruction supported by the Freedman’s Bureau, the 13th, 14th, and the 15th Amendments and the efforts of some Northerners.
19. However, southern society for the blacks eventually became much like slavery due to prejudice, black codes, tenant farming and the start of racist organizations such as the KKK.
20. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags represented Republicans who sought to make money on reconstructing southern economy and government.
21. Industry and urbanization boomed as the South rebuilt itself after the destruction of the War.
22. Northern politicians argued over the requirements for southern readmission to the Union government and the Radical Republicans attempted to impeach President Johnson for opposing their efforts.
23. President Grant’s term in office was hi-lighted by corruption and mismanagement as Reconstruction lost its focus and the Republican Party lost its dominance.
24. Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 after Hayes was elected during a controversial vote.
25. As southern white power was returned to the governments of southern states, structural racism was established by the courts in the Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws and through white terrorism in acts such as lynchings.
Study Questions:
1. Compare and contrast the free soil ideology of the North with the pro-slavery argument of the South.
2. What advantages did the Union have in the Civil War? How about the Confederacy?
2. How did the Union propose to finance the war? The Confederacy? How successful were they? What was the effect on each economy?
3. How did each side raise troops? Who was more successful? What was the public’s response to conscription?
4. What factors brought about the Emancipation Proclamation? What did it accomplish? Was it full emancipation?
5. What effect did the Civil War have on women and blacks in the north? What part did they play?
- Why was state’s rights the “great dividing force” in the Confederacy’s war effort? What caused this division and what was the effect?
- What were the foreign policy objectives of the Union and the Confederacy? How did each attempt to achieve these objectives and which was more successful?
- Why was 1863 the “Year of Decision?” What took place in 1863 to swing the advantage to the Union? What did these events accomplish?
- Did President Lincoln follow the Constitution during wartime? What liberties did he threaten? Explain.
10. Describe three reasons why the South lost. What were the biggest factors?
- How was “Presidential” Reconstruction different than Congressional Reconstruction? Were either successful?
- What was the root cause of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson? Was the trial and the outcome fair?
- What major actions helped African Americans during Reconstruction?
- How did Reconstruction end? Explain.
- Why was the South after Reconstruction called The New South? What economic, social, and political changes had been made? How was it different than antebellum South?
§ What did the Civil War accomplish?
§ W.E.B. Dubois said that during Reconstruction, slaves had a brief moment in the sun, then slipped back towards slavery. What does he mean?
§ Was Reconstruction successful?
DBQ: In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution?
Mr. Baker
APUSH
Unit 4 2009-2010
Past DBQs and FRQs:
2000 Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following.
Missouri Compromise
Mexican War
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1996 DBQ In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a social revolution.
Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1860 to 1877 to answer the question.
1992 Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877?
1988 “I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races.” How can this 1858 statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation?
1985 During the past four decades, historians consistently have rated Washington, Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the greatest Presidents. Assess the greatness of any TWO of these three chief executives, making clear the criteria on which you base your judgment.
1981 DBQ John Brown’s raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, involved only a handful of abolitionists, freed no slaves, and was over in two days. Although many Northerners condemned the raid, by 1863 John Brown had become a hero and martyr in the North.
--To what extent and in what ways do the views about John Brown expressed in the documents illustrate changing North-South relations between 1859 and 1863?
1981 “In American politics, the most significant battles have occurred within the major parties rather than between them.” Discuss this statement with reference to the periods 1850-1861 and 1900-1912.
1978 “The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the altercation of subversion of the original ideas and programs. For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both a) the ideas and activities of abolitionism and b) the policies of the Republican Party.
1968 “The status of the Negro in the Republic was the central issue in American politics from 1846 to 1877.” Assess the validity of this generalization.
Manifest Destiny North and South
Preston Brooks Affair
Manifest Destiny
Texas
The Alamo
Great American Desert
Stephen F. Austin
Sectional Conflict and Compromise
The Mexican-American War
Compromise of 1850
Mr. Baker
APUSH
Unit 4 2009-2010
John Tyler
James K. Polk—D expansionist president 1845-1849