NOTE PACKET # 7
“WATER AND CLIMATE”
NAME: EARTH SCIENCE
PERIOD:
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE p.1
7.1)EARTH’S WATER
Origin of Water
Most of Earth’s water
diagram;
outgassing
Water on Earth
97 %
3 %
Most of the fresh water (2.1%) ()
Only 0.9 % is accessible ( , or
).
THE WATER CYCLE(aka )
A model used to
The water cycle is driven by;
The source for the water on land is .
Water reaches the land by the process of
FOUR THINGS MAY HAPPEN TOPRECIPITATON THAT REACHES EARTH’S SURFACE…
1).
2) ()
3)
Infiltrates – .
4)
WATER CYCLE VOCABULARY
evaporation
transpiration
condensation
precipitation
infiltration ()
(lithosphere -
)
groundwater
runoff
.
().
THE WATER CYCLE DIAGRAM
Label the diagram below with the seven water cycle vocabulary words listed above.
INFILTRATION OR RUNOFF ?
Characteristics of
1 –
Water does not have time to soak in when there is a
diagram;
2 –
Water can not enter the ground if
diagram;
3 –
porosity -
If the porosity is large,
diagram;
POROSITY IS AFFECTED BY…
A -
rounded particles have the porosity.
diagram;
B -
closely packed particles will have porosity.
diagram;
C –
well sorted particles will all be the
and they will have a porosity than poorly sorted particles.
diagram;
For POROSITY…….(particle)
4 –
permeability -
impermeable =
The greater the permeability, the the infiltration.
diagram;
PERMEABILITY IS AFFECTED BY…
A);
larger particle size =
permeability.
diagram;
B);
a porous material may be if pores are not connected.
diagram;
C);
tight packing or cementing of particles may seal off
pores = permeability.
diagram;
D);
during the winter,
diagram;
5 – (aka. capillary action)
capillary action is greatest
small particles = pore spaces = capillarity.
diagram;
6 –
runoff .
water has
diagram;
7 –
roads, parking lots and buildings are
less seepage (infiltration) means runoff ()
diagram;
INFILTRATION vs. RUNOFF
Infiltration occurs when..Runoff occurs when…
Which set of surface soil conditions on a hillside would result in the most infiltration of rainfall?
(1) gentle slope, saturated soil, no vegetation
(2) gentle slope, unsaturated soil, vegetation
(3) steep slope, saturated soil, vegetation
(4) steep slope, unsaturated soil, no vegetation
EXAMPLE;
Which container has the ….
Greatest rate of infiltration.
Greatest permeability..
Greatest capillarity…
Smallest porosity..
RUNOFF & STREAM DISCHARGE
Runoff can occur when…
Most runoff .
The greater the amount of runoff,
stream discharge
Flooding occurs when a stream
In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of
(1) precipitation (3) runoff
(2) infiltration (4) snow melt
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE p.1
7.2)CLIMATE
climate
There are two major aspects of climate
TEMPERATURE
Two characteristics of the temperature;
1)
2) -
MOISTURE
Arid climate =
Humid climate =
Whether the climate is arid or humid is not determined by
SEVEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
1 – ()
Latitude will affect…
and
Latitude and Temperature
At low latitudes….
angle of insolation and duration of insolation.
average temperature, for the year, is .
there is variation temperature ( range).
At high latitudes…
angle of insolation and duration ( hours)
average temperature, for the year, is .
temperature range, from winter to summer.
Latitude and Moisture
moisture depends on the
rising air ( pressure) = precipitation and
climates.
sinking air ( pressure) = precipitation
and climates.
Identify the areas of humid and dry climates by drawing arrows.
Example;
Mark the following locations on the map.
In this example, we are only considering the effects of latitude.
Th – line of latitude that will have the highest average yearly temp.
Tl – line of latitude that will have the lowest average yearly temp.
Rs – line of latitude that will have the smallest yearly temperature range.
Rl – line of latitude that will have the largest yearly temperature range.
Wet – zone where rising air will produce a wet climate.
Dry – zone where sinking air will produce a dry climate.
The average temperature at Earth’s equator is higher than the average temperature at Earth’s South Pole because the South Pole
(1) receives less intense insolation
(2) receives more infrared radiation
(3) has less land area
(4) has more cloud cover
Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge?
(1) cool and wet (3) warm and wet
(2) cool and dry (4) warm and dry
2 -
A large body of water, will
Water heats and cools .
Marine vs. Continental climates
Marine climates –
• summers.
• winters.
• annual temperature range.
Continental climates –
• winters.
• summers.
• annual temperature range.
Example;
Shade the areas on the map where there would be a marine climate.
(In this example we will ignore the planetary winds.)
Large oceans moderate the climatic temperatures of surrounding coastal land areas because the temperature of ocean water changes
(1) rapidly, due to water’s low specific heat
(2) rapidly, due to water’s high specific heat
(3) slowly, due to water’s low specific heat
(4) slowly, due to water’s high specific heat
Which factor most likely causes two cities at the same elevation and latitude to have different yearly average temperature ranges?
(1) rotation of Earth
(2) duration of insolation
(3) distance from a large body of water
(4) direction of prevailing winds
3 -
if the winds blow from water to land,
Example;
Shade the areas on the map where the prevailing windsenhance a marine climate.
The arrows in the cross section below show the prevailing winds moving across northern New YorkState into Vermont during the summer.
Compared to the climate of location A, the climate of location B is
(1) warmer and wetter (3) cooler and wetter
(2) warmer and drier (4) cooler and drier
4 -
currents flowing away from the equator carry
to latitudes and cause the climate to be
and.
currents flowing away from the poles, carry
waters to latitudes and cause the climate to be
and.
Which ocean current transports warm water away from Earth’s equatorial region?
(1) Brazil Current (3) Falkland Current
(2) Guinea Current (4) California Current
London, England, is located at approximately 51° 30' north latitude and 0° longitude. Elmira, New York, is located at approximately 42° 10' north latitude and 76° 54' west longitude. What is one reason why London has a warmer average winter temperature than Elmira?
(1) London is located closer to the equator.
(2) London is located at a higher elevation.
(3) London’s climate is modified by the North Atlantic Ocean Current.
(4) London’s climate is modified by its longer duration of insolation.
5 -
the higher the altitude, at any given latitude,
areas of higher altitude tend to have
Example;
Shade the areas on the map where higher elevations will make the climate colder and wetter.
The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of the mountain.
Which statement correctly describes the differences in the climates of locations A and B?
(1) Location A is warmer and drier than location B.
(2) Location A is cooler and wetter than location B.
(3) Location B is warmer and wetter than location A.
(4) Location B is cooler and drier than location A.
6–
windward side is and .
leeward side is and .
diagram;
Example;
Shade the side of the mountains that will receive more precipitation.
Write the word “dry” to indicate where a “rain shadow” (desert) will occur.
The cross section below shows the flow of winds over a mountain ridge.
The heaviest rainfall would most likely occur on which side of this mountain and in which type of air mass?
(1) on the leeward side, in a mP air mass
(2) on the leeward side, in a cT air mass
(3) on the windward side, in a mT air mass
(4) on the windward side, in a cP air mass
7 -
vegetation will keep an area
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE p.1