Chapter 26 Outline
Democracy (p. 659)
-Great Britain – used to be monarchy, now becomes
-constitutional monarchy – Parliament has real power,
king/queen only represent the country
2 houses: House of Lords - inherit seats or are appointed
House of Commons – elected by citizens
-voters had to own a lot of land and be male
-6% of population had suffrage (the right to vote)
-1832, property requirements taken away
-1867, nearly all adult males could vote
-occurred under the rule of Queen Victoria (Victorian Age)
France
-democratic system set up called the Third Republic
-involved in anti-Semitism – prejudice against Jews
-pogroms – organized violence against Jews
-Zionism – idea that Jews should have their own separate
homeland, eventually would become Israel.
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Section II (p. 664)
Canada
-first colonized by French, taken over by British after French
and Indian War (1763)
-split into two parts: Upper Canada (English speaking) and
Lower Canada (French speaking)
-each part had its own government
-reunited in 1867 and becomes a dominion – governs self on
its own land but still part of Britain
Australia
-British colony in 1770
-inhabited by native groups Maoris and Aborigines
-used as a penal colony – place to send convicts instead of
prison
-when released, prisoners could buy land and settle as
free citizens
-free settlers begin arriving in early 1800’s
-early 1900’s, becomes a dominion
Ireland
-1100, English settlers move into Ireland
-most Irish were Catholics, most English were Protestants
-1500’s - 1600’s – new laws against Catholics limiting rights
-peasants in Ireland depended on potatoes for food
-potato crops fail from 1845-48 resulting in massive
starvation called the potato famine,
-millions left Ireland and a million died.
-some Irish begin secret attacks against British officials
including terrorism
-1949, Ireland becomes its own separate nation
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Section III (p. 669)
United States
-1803, Louisiana Purchase by Thomas Jefferson
-bought from France, gives U.S. land to the Rocky Mtns.
-doubles territory
-1819, U.S. gains Florida from Spain
-1846, U.S. gains Oregon territory (see map p. 669) from
Britain
Mexican American War
-fought over territory that is now California to Texas
-Mexico held this land but many U.S. citizens settled there
-people become upset with Mexican government and secede
-1836-1845, Texas was its own country
-1945, Texas becomes part of U.S., Mexico very upset
-1846-1847, war takes place
-eventually Mexico surrenders to U.S. and is forced to give
up all lands in the southwestern U.S. (Mexican Cession)
manifest destiny – idea that the U.S. should expand its borders all
the way to the Pacific Ocean.
-used this idea to justify the taking of land from Mexico
and Native Americans
-Indian Removal Act of 1830, allows for the
-Trail of Tears
-Indians forced west to Oklahoma, kicked off land
-many die from sickness and fatigue on the voyage
Civil War
-North vs. South
-North – industrial economy, used free workers
-South – agricultural economy, used slaves
-as U.S. was getting new land, was it going to be slave
territory or free?
-South sees their rights as states being violated and threaten
to secede
-North says that the country must stick together
-1861, Civil War begins shortly after Abraham Lincoln is
elected president
-Southern states form their own country, Confederate States
of America
-North (Union) goes to war to bring the southern states back
-South eventually loses after 5 years of fighting
-Emancipation Proclamation – Lincoln’s document stating
that slavery was illegal in the U.S.
-slavery officially ends with the 13th amendment
-U.S. becomes the most industrialized nation in the world
during the Civil War due to the need for manufactured goods.
-transcontinental railroad also built in 1869.
Reconstruction – process of bringing the southern states back into the U.S.
-blacks still faced persecution in the form of segregation
-separate facilities for blacks and whites
-segregation took place in the north also
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Section IV (p. 673)
Progress
-inventions – internal combustion engine (runs on gasoline)
-leads to automobiles
-Henry Ford uses assembly line production
and interchangeable parts to make cars affordable for everyone ($300)
-electricity
-most famous inventor of the time, Thomas
Edison invents light bulb and phonograph (record player)
-Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone
-radio
-airplanes, 1903 Wright Brothers
Mass culture – art, music, writing and entertainment to a
large audience.
-starts because of increase in public education
-more people can read now
-improved communication
-more time for leisure activities with a limited number of
working hours
-types of entertainment: 1. music halls (concerts/variety shows)
2. movies
3. sporting events (boxing, football,
baseball and soccer)
Scientific Ideas
-Louis Pasteur – discovers bacteria and realized they can
cause disease.
-invents process of pasteurization to kill
germs in liquids, especially milk.
-Joseph Lister – creates standards of cleanliness in hospitals
-cities begin to build plumbing and sewer systems to improve
public health.
-people lived longer and healthier now
-Charles Darwin – theory of evolution
-wrote The Origin of Species
- said that species evolve over time and
carry on positive characteristics
-survival of the fittest
-contradicts theory of the bible
-Gregor Mendel – discovers genetics, passing on of traits from
parents to offspring
psychology – study of the human mind and behavior
-Ivan Pavlov – experimented with dogs and changed
behaviors (read pg. 679)
-Sigmund Freud – unconscious mind determines a person’s
thoughts and actions