PURPOSE CLAUSES
PURPOSE is expressed with:
- to- infinitivo (informal) / in order to / so as to ( formal)
She wrote to tell him the news
She wrote in order to tell the news
- so that + can / may ( present or future reference)
I´ll help him so that he can finish early
- so that + could / might ( past reference)
I helped him so that he could finish early
- for + noun / -ing form – Let´s go for a meal.
A kettle is used for boiling water
- in case + present ( present or future reference)/ in case + past (past reference)
I´ll take some sandwiches in case I get hungry
- When we want to include a subject before the infinitive verb, we can begin a purpose clause with
in order for and a noun phrase or a pronoun
In order for the team to succeed, they must work together
Negative Purpose is normally expressed with
- so as not to / in order not to
- so that + won´t / can´t (present /futures reference) – I´ll pick you up from the station so that you won´t need to take a taxi
- so that + wouldn´t / couldn´t ( past reference) – He got a taxi so that he wouldn’t be late
Join the sentences by means of the purpose connector given in each sentence
1- The bank contacted me. They informed me that I was overdrawn ( in order to )
2- The burglar wiped the gun . He didn´t want to leave his fingerprints ( so that)
3- Let´s buy some Coke. We may have guests ( in case)
4- This is a tin opener. You use it to open tins ( for)
5- Jane gave the police her phone number. Then the police could ring her ( so that)
6- I ran. I wanted to catch the bus. ( to)
7- He revised hard the test. He wanted to succeed. ( in order to )
8- I had my walkie- talkie with me. I wanted to contact my partner ( so that)
9- You should plan to leave early tomorrow. You´ll avoid traffic jams on the way to the airport. ( in order to)
10- There must be a good source of light or plants won´t grow indoors ( in order for)
11- She made out a list of people to invite. He didn´t want to leave anyone out (negative)
CONTRAST CLAUSES
CONTRAST is expressed with
- although / even though / though + clause
Although she spent all afternoon on the project , she didn´t finish it
- Despite / in spite of + noun / - ing form
Despite / in spite of their wealth , they aren´t happy
Despite / in spite of being rich , they aren´t happy
- Despite the fact / in spite of the fact + that clause
Despite the fact / in spite of the fact they are rich , they aren´t happy
- While / whereas / but / on the other hand / yet + Clause
He is tall while / whereas / on the other hand / but she is short
- But / yet always comes between the two clauses- Tom studied , but he failed
- Nevertheless / however + clause – John´s flat was on fire . However, he didn´t panic
Join the sentences by means of the contrast connector given in each sentence
1- The weather was bad. The ship departed ( Though) / ( in spite of )
2- She is sixty years old. She still goes jogging ( in spite of)
3- Although my mother is from Paris, I´ve never been there ( despite the fact)
4- He did his best. He came last ( yet)
5- Jack is still unemployed in spite of applying for about a dozen different jobs ( though)
6- While most people agreed that the car was a bargain, none of them wanted to buy it ( even though)
7- The old people didn´t have very much money. They were really generous (but)
8- The programme was boring. He continued to watch it ( despite + noun)
9- My sister is dark. I am blonde ( whereas)
10- I invited Sue. She didn´t come ( although)