Business, Banking and Finance Conference
June 22-24, 2011
Hilton Trinidad and Conference Centre, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago
Hosted by
The University of the West Indies
Department of Management Studies (DMS) ● Caribbean Centre for Money and Finance (CCMF)
Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES)
SUBMISSION FORM
PARTICIPANT INFORMATION: (IN BLOCK LETTERS)
NAME : Bony-Lévy KADIMA Tshimuanga
ORGANIZATION :
- ECES/Brazzaville : Teacher of management and technology
- AE-FOAD/RDC : Secretary of support and monitoring
ADDRESSES: 130, av. de France – Poto-Poto/Brazzaville, Congo.
44, av. de la Démocratie, C/Gombe, Kinshasa-RDC
TELEPHONE WORK: 00242053133528 CELL: 002439999996573 OTHER: ………………..
FAX …………………………… EMAIL :
Special dietary requirements ……………………………………………………………………………….
Other special requirements ………………………………………………………………………………..
Author : Bony-Lévy KADIMA Tshimuanga
Teacher and researcher in management, business and international trade
Université de Nantes/France, Insitut Supérieur de Commerce de Kinshasa/RDC
Title of submission: Increased Trade
DATE : 21.05.11 SIGNATURE : Bony-Lévy KADIMA Tshimuanga
Title of submission: Increased Trade
Since the birth of economic society, society in which the economic sphere appears to be dominant, we have taken, logically, the habit of thinking economically. This means that social problems appear to us almost entirely economic problems. We do not seek them a cost effective solution. However by giving back to a less economically dominant, we can see that many economic problems that we seem to do really are not. Moreover, some economic problems can be considered as having non-economic solutions. To put it another way, it should mobilize all the constituent spheres of society hope to find answers through relationships that maintain these different spheres. Currently, for example, it would seem that our development model can no longer accommodate a read-only economy. Indeed, faced with increasingly acute environmental issues (green sphere), questions about the meaning of our lifestyles (poietic sphere, the need to adjust some attitudes (politics), the need to better use information ( dialogic sphere) ... That's why no desire for completeness, we will bring the idea of a new development taking into account the concepts and actions around the sustainable development, socially responsible corporate responsibility, governance ...
Production and trade
This is necessary in the life of the population. It must meet its needs. The production process is the exchange of goods is called an economic system. The fundamental questions that they know: What do we produce? How is production organized?
Overview on Latin America and the Caribbean
The countries of the region are diverse in terms of size and age structures, and they differ considerably among themselves not only on their respective average incomes, but also about the distribution of wealth within their societies .
Caribbean combines extremes: poverty and wealth, open spaces and micro-states, non-independent territories and sovereign countries, specialization and diversification. The area economy is a reflection of this heterogeneity.
The Caribbean is a set of 38 territories of more than 5.2 million km ² (10 times the size of France) while the Caribbean islands are about 235 000 square kilometers (the size of the United Kingdom) .
Population and languages of the Caribbean
The population of 38 states and territories of the Caribbean area is around 250 million inhabitants in 2002, with a density of 47 inhabitants per km ². It represents 4% of world population. Mexico occupies a prominent place. It is the most populous country with over 41% of the population of the Caribbean region in 2002.
The 25 states and territories of the Caribbean islands together more than 38 million inhabitants in 2002, representing 0.6% of world population. The density reaches 163 inhabitants per km ².
The economic
If during the 60s and 70s, the GDP grew at a rate of 2.5 t 3.5 per year, the '80s were marked by a widespread economic crisis. Real income per capita has fallen to commence work on only one occasion during the period with a 90-99 average growth rate slightly above 1% per year.
Consequences
External debt
Prices of commodities have increased
agricultural and mineral resources have effrondrées
hyperinflation (Argentina and Brazil), etc. ..
At the end of defeating inflation and encourage the return to a situation of sustainable growth, all countries, including Cuba, to varying degrees, liberalized their economies.
The results of these economic reforms in the region remained overall average because of the difficulties to carry out institutional reforms and the problems they cause.
The economy of the Caribbean
GDP: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the total Caribbean area in 2001 is 762 billion dollars which is equivalent to a per capita GDP of 3126 dollars. It represents 42% of GDP in France and 8% of U.S. GDP. The GDP grew by over 39% between 1990 and 2001 and GDP per capita of nearly 15%.
However, the islands of the Caribbean account for less than one fifth of total GDP of the Caribbean area (80% of GDP in the area are made by 4 countries (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico). In addition, Within these islands, Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Dominican Republic account for nearly two thirds of GDP islands.
In the end, the French Antilles to contribute 2% of the wealth of the Caribbean area but over 10% for the only islands in the area.
GDP / Capita: a Caymanians 100 times richer than Haiti
In terms of wealth per capita, the scale ranges from 1 to over 100 between Haiti and the Cayman Islands. In the top 12 ranking, we find that an independent State the Bahamas in 10th position. The first continental state, Costa Rica, leading to the 21th spot. Mexico, first to the GDP, is only 22nd. The Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the BVI have a GDP per capita exceeding $ 35 000, well above many Western countries. Four states have a GDP per capita below U.S. $ 1000: Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua and Haiti.
French Departments of America belong to the top 10 GDP per Capita:
the fourth Martinique
the seventh Guadeloupe
Guyana 8th
Six non-independent territories totaling more than 11% of total GDP (although they represent only 2% in terms of area and population of the Caribbean area). They took advantage of economic.
Geography of the Caribbean Space
The Caribbean is a set of 38 territories of more than 5.2 million km ² (10 times the size of France) while the Caribbean islands are about 235 000 square kilometers (the size of the United Kingdom) .
The Caribbean "continental" / “The Caribbean islands”Belize
Colombia
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Guyana
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Puerto Rico
Suriname
Venezuela Anguilla / Antigua and Barbuda
Netherlands Antilles
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
Cuba
Dominica
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Haiti
Cayman Islands
Turkey and Caicos Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
BVI
Jamaica
Martinique
Montserrat
Dem. Dominican
Saint Lucia
Saint Kitts and Nevis
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Effects of 2008 crisis
Latin America and the Caribbean are affected by the global economic crisis of 2008, after six consecutive years of positive economic performance and stability. The region is better prepared to cope with this crisis than past crises through the general improvement its macroeconomic situation. In addition, many countries are implementing important social programs such as conditional cash transfers , which encourage the granting of financial assistance to poor families, provided that they comply with certain requirements, such as schooling of children. Today, almost 85 million Latin Americans receive such aid.
But in 2009, the region and continue to grow poorer. The most optimistic projections, those of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), are growing at 1.9%, marking a significant decline compared to previous years: 5.5% in 2006 ), 4.6% in 2007 and 4.6% in 2008. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasts growth of 1.1% for 2009, while other sources, including private banks, are forecasting negative growth.
The transmission channels through which the global economic crisis will come to the region are numerous and the actual costs of the crisis will in all likelihood high and unevenly distributed in the region and within countries. The sharp reduction in global demand for exports from the region, such as oil, soybeans and copper, resulting in a decline in commodity prices, reduced output and rising unemployment. Meanwhile, the reduction in global demand for manufactured goods and services will affect some key industries in the region, such as tourism in Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America. All this accompanied by a decline in foreign direct investment, mainly caused by the liquidity crisis affecting the money markets and a significant reduction in remittances from abroad which is already being felt in Mexico , El Salvador and Jamaica.
According to a recent study by the International Labour Office (ILO), over the period 2007-2009, the number of newly unemployed could reach 4 million. This deterioration of living conditions of the population, especially for already vulnerable urban groups and young people, could mutate into a social time bomb in the region. Experience has shown that in times of crisis, poverty is rooted, and that results in permanent negative effects on the welfare of future generations. It is important to prevent millions of people fall into poverty from which they had managed to escape. The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is involved.
In chinese, the word "crisis" (wei ji) is composed of two characters, "says Senegalese economist Moustapha Kasse. The first means "danger, "the second "opportunity. " in their response to the global economic crisis, governments have placed too much emphasis, in his first sense of the term. Yet it is the second meaning is critical, because every crisis brings with it an opportunity, a chance to change and adapt.
How is it that the Caribbean can it increase its local and international market?
1. Strengthen links exchange
Trade can play a powerful catalyst for development. International trade can give a strong impetus to the prog business.
The big problem in trade, it would be unjust rules and sometimes uneven within countries and between countries. It is also worth noting that poor infrastructure, tariff barriers and the level may be too high customs duties seriously impede trade and exchange TCO within the Caribbean and between countries.
Fairer trade rules would help, especially with regard to market access.
The trade policies of some countries are difficult. We see the European Union noted in its commitment to open markets to poorer countries. However, rules that determine eligibility for trade preferences, minimize the opportunities for much of the country.
Applied measures
1.1The protect the political space for human development
The rules laid down should not impose any obligations inconsistent with national strategies in this area. More specifically, the right of each country to protect their farmers against such unfair competition ...
1.2Un commitment unduly agreements
Avoiding trade agreements that impose obligations that exceed all WTO rules, especially in the areas of TCO and intellectual property.
1.3 Redirecting service negociations
The focus should be on the mid accelerated liberalization of financial sectors ...
1.4 Greater transparency in managing resources
Management must be sound and transparent. Control structures and audit should be implemented, as audit committee held accountable by outside.
1.5 Capacity Building (Regional)
A good information policy and training to all actors involved in terms of local and regional levels.
A restructuring of a bank sub-regional development, financed by all member countries, to prevent any eventuality and also to support trade.
1.6 Committee subregional
A strategic framework to support and ensure the achievement of common goals.
Trade allows nations that are welded, enabling millions of people out of poverty and to also enjoy the wealth.
2. Trade plan
To control the opening measures, the Caribbean area must be managed in its diversity. Especially reform of basic education to cultivate the mindset. Laws or standards to improve the climate for business.
In addition, large groups must commit to implementing the charter, codes of conduct that are in principle objectives for advancement, such as the presence of an evaluator who collects information on social behavior including what are the changes in career earnings of staff, how they work, working conditions? What are they doing in terms of reducing pollution, timber quota, etc..
So, the opening must seek trade liberalization with the following results: the reduction of poverty.
3. Reducing inequalities
Participation in trade can result commecial exacerbate inequalities in the extent of adjustment costs arising from greater competition from imports, are passed on to poorer tandisque the labor force and economically powerful uses the capabilities offered by exports.
4. Management of the market
Supply and demand
Make an assessment of actual needs with respect to the business demand for services and trade promotion.
Support fair competition
The fair competition deals not only questions the identification of market development, but also to facilitate the adaptation of firms to changing business methods and the growing expectations of the market.
Business clients adequate
Choose the type of clients and guide them through categorization.
Training and new opportunities
Promote initiatives to create additional capacity within the country.
Professional group and agencies
Create networks of manufacturers or producers, and complementarities programs. Companies collaborating to promote fair competition.
Lower transaction costs
Reduce the costs of doing business,such us certification, ...
These export costs can be reduced through innovative financing mechanisms, such as:
- Skill Training
- Strategy for internal financing, small loans, microcredit, small bank stabilization ...
Illustration of a typical planning strategy for trade promotion
Foreign Office Ministry of Planning Professional Associations
Cooperation (Private sector)
Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises
Department of Commerce
Professional Associations Chamber of commerce
of Private sector
Success Factors of a national trade promotion
EXTERNAL
National commitment to the export development
National strategy for export development
Accompanying measures about the future
Proper institutional links