Learning
1. A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called _____.
a) a neutral stimulus
b) irrelevant
c) an unconditioned stimulus
d) an unnatural condition
2. A Vietnam veteran experiences an intense emotional reaction to a clap of thunder. His emotional response is an example of a(n) _____.
a) Conditioned Stimulus
b) Unconditioned Stimulus
c) Conditioned Response
d) Unconditioned Response
3. Most phobias are explained by _____.
a) personality defects
b) latent learning
c) classical conditioning
d) operant conditioning
4. An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____.
a) a positive operation
b) reinforcement
c) an operational directive
d) a discriminative stimulus
5. An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called _____.
a) a negative operant
b) punishment
c) negative reinforcement
d) a discriminative stimulus
6. As a social worker, you are concerned about Little Albert and want to weaken his conditioned response to white rats. You repeatedly show Little Albert a white rat but don’t make any loud noises. EventuallyLittle Albert stops showing fear and once again shows an interest in white rats. You have successfully:
a. Created a higher-order condition
b. Created a new neutral stimulus
c. Used a reinforcer
d. Used extinction
7. Taking away an unpleasant stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called:
a) secondary punishment
b) primary punishment
c) negative reinforcement
d) primary reinforcement
8. The occurrence of a learned response only to a specific stimulus, but not to other, similar stimuliis called stimulus _____.
a) inflexibility
b) recovery
c) differentiation
d) discrimination
9. This hidden learning exists without behavioral signs until there is some reason to demonstrate it.
a) subliminal learning
b) subconscious learning
c) lucid learning
d) latent learning
10. The occurrence of a learned response to stimulithat are similar to the original stimulus is called stimulus ____.
a) inflexibility
b) behavior
c) generalization
d) responsiveness
11. Operant conditioning occurs when a. a neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
b. voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences.
c. new behavior or information is learned by watching others.
d. learning takes place but there are no behavioralsigns of learning.
12. Bartholomew the Norwegian Hooded rat has been working in a study in which he is reinforced by a food pellet after different amounts of time. Bartholomew is being reinforced on a __ schedule.
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
d. variable interval
13. To be effective punishment should be
a. public and painful.
b. threatened and acted upon.
c. hard and unyielding.
d. immediate and consistent.
14. The sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution is called a(n) _____.
a) idea
b) inspiration
c) insight
d) cognitive awakening
15. When a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) because of pairings with a previously created CS it is called:
a. combined conditioning.
b. higher-order conditioning.
c. response generalization.
d. stimulus generalization.
16. School grades are examples of what type of reinforcer.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. punishing
17. Which is not one of the possible problems of punishment?
a. extinction
b. imitating the punishing behavior
c. a climate too stressful for learning
d. increased aggression
18. Which of the following is an example of the useof classical conditioning in everyday life?
a) Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed
b) The use of seductive women to sell cars
c) Politicians associating themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag
d) all of these options
19. The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without
exposure to the Conditioned Stimulus is called:
a) a flashback
b) immediate recall
c) spontaneous recovery
d) sudden recall
20. Reinforcement and punishment are defined in terms of:
a) whether they increase or decrease responses
b) whether they cause pleasure and pain
c) adaptive significance
d) intrinsic and extrinsic motives
21. The addition of a(n) _____ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the subtraction of a(n) _____
stimulus results in negative reinforcement.
a) desirable; painful or annoying
b) primary; secondary
c) operant; classical
d) higher order; lower order
22. Continuous reinforcement occurs when:
a) all responses are rewarded
b) all rewards are reinforcing
c) every correct response is rewarded
d) all of these options
23. When you put nickels in a gum-ball machine, youreceive a _____ schedule of reinforcement; when you put nickels in a slot machine, you receive a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
a) continuous; continuous
b) fixed; variable
c) variable; fixed
d) partial; partial
Development
24. At birth the least developed sensory system is
a. taste.
b. touch.
c. hearing.
d. vision.
25. This is the first stage of prenatal development(from conception to implantation), characterized by rapid cell division.
a) embryonic period
b) zygote stage
c) critical period
d) germinal period
26. The major body organs and systems start taking shape during this period of pregnancy, from implantation through the 8th week.
a) embryonic
b) fetal
c) zygotic
d) germinal
27. Studies of an infant's attachment to a parent and an adult's love for a romantic partner have found that:
a) insecurely attached infants become ambivalently attached adults
b) infant attachment is closely correlated with later patterns of romantic love in adulthood
c) securely attached infants tend to be less attached as adolescents
d) avoidant infants tend to be obsessed with their romantic partners as adults
28. Which of the following is NOT true regarding infant sensory and perceptual development?
a) Vision is almost 20/20 at birth.
b) A newborn's sense of pain is highly developed atbirth.
c) An infant can recognize, and prefers, its own mother's breastmilk by smell.
d) An infant can recognize, and prefers, its own mother's breastmilk by taste.
29. An environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development is known as a
a. critical period.
b. scaffolding.
c. embryo.
d. teratogen.
30. According to Baumrind, what are the three major parenting styles?
a) permissive, authoritative, authoritarian
b) securely attached, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent
c) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational
d) none of the above
31. Tesia said, "The rain quit falling because I wanted to go out to play." This is an example of ____, which indicates that Tesia is in the _____ of cognitive dvelopment.
a) animism; sensorimotor stage
b) subjective permanence; preoperational
c) egocentrism; preoperational stage
d) conservation; concrete operational stage
32. Once a child can perform mental operations on concrete objects, and understand the principles of
conservation and reversibility, she has reached Piaget's _____ stage.
a) post-operational
b) operational
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
33. The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget's _____ stage.
a) egocentric
b) post-operational
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
34. _____ refers to a young child's inability to experience anyone else's point of view.
a) Preoperational egocentrism
b) Social egoism
c) Preoperational ethnocentrism
d) Preoperational ego-fantasy
35. Conception occurs when a(n) _____.
a) fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining
b) ovum undergoes its first cell division
c) ejaculation occurs
d) sperm cell unites with an ovum (egg)
36. Menopause is _____.
a) another name for the onset of the menstrual cycle
b) a time of wild mood swings for all women due to fluctuations in hormones
c) the cessation of the menstrual cycle
d) the result of increases in estrogen levels
37. The physical and psychological changes associated with middle age in men are called:
a) testosterone crisis
b) andropause
c) reproductive decline
d) male refractory period
38. Roberta refuses to go to school today because she's afraid everyone will notice that she is having a really bad hair day. Her fears most clearly illustrate _____.
a) formal operational thinking
b) peer pressure
c) adolescent ethnocentrism
d) imaginary audience
39. According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style is most likely to produce self-reliant and high achieving
children.
a) permissive
b) autonomous
c) authoritative
d) authoritarian
40. Eric is demanding and disobedient, has no respect for the property or rights of others, and is impulsive, immature, and out of control. According to Baumrind, it is MOST likely that his parents are engaged in_____ parenting.
a) abusive
b) authoritarian
c) authoritative
d) permissive
Anxiety Disorders
41. Chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with _____.
a. panic attack
b. hysteria
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
42. Sudden inexplicable episodes of intense fear with an impending sense of doom is associated with _____.
a. hysteria
b. general anxiety disorder
c. panic disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
43. This is characterized by an intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
a. panic attack
b. panic disorder
c. hysterical disorder
d. phobia
44. This is characterized by anxiety caused by intrusive thoughts or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors.
a. obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. agoraphobia
d. ritual abuse
45. Which of the following MOST clearly illustrates an obsessive-compulsive disorder?
a. Morgan washes her hands 10 times after learning that the patient she just treated has hepatitis B.
b. Kendrick is so anxious about his speech for tomorrow that he reviews his notes 20 times.
c. Jake constantly thinks about germs and infections and repeats to himself the steps in avoiding the flu before entering any room. He washes his hands every time he feels anxious because he feels that he has to, which is at least 30 times a day.
d. Mason's house was burglarized last week. He now checks the locks on his doors and windows 5 times a night, and listens to the radio to stop worrying about his safety.
46. This is a biological explanation for the development of anxiety disorders.
a. There may be an evolutionary predisposition to fear what is dangerous.
b. Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition for becoming easily aroused or unable to relax.
c. Biochemical disturbances due to substances like caffeine, lactic acid, or hyperventilation may play a role.
d. all of these options
SENSATION & PERCEPTION PRACTICE
- Receptor cells in the retina that are most sensitive in dim light and to grays and blacks are known as ______, whereas receptor cells in the retina that are most sensitive in bright light and for perceiving color are known as ______
- sclera; fovea
- fovea; sclera
- cones; rods
- rods; cones
- Mark and Mindy are on a date. They decide to go out to dinner. The restaurant they are at is very noisy, but all they really can hear is each other talking. This is due to
- feature detectors.
- selective attention.
- the gate-control theory.
- habituation.
- Converting a stimulus into a neural impulse is defined as
- sensation.
- perception.
- transduction.
- conversion.
- The weakening of our response to a stimulus is known as sensory
- weakening.
- tolerance.
- acceptance.
- adaptation.
- The brain seems “prewired” to pay attention to ______in the environment.
- constants
- salients
- features
- changes
6. Sensation is the process of _____ raw sensory data from the internal and external world and transmitting it to the brain.
a) receiving and translating
b) selecting and organizing
c) receiving and organizing
d) selecting, receiving, and organizing
7. The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into usable mental representations of the world is called _____.
a) perceptual accuracy
b) illusory perception
c) perception
d) sensory perception
8. Tiny cells on your retina are detecting the contours of the letters on this page and sending that information to your brain. These are your _____ for vision.
a) lenses
b) receptors
c) filters
d) transmitters
9. Sensory reduction refers to the process of _____.
a) reducing your dependence on a single sensory system
b) decreasing the number of sensory receptors that are stimulated
c) filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending a neural message to the cortex
d) reducing environmental sensations by physically preventing your sensory organs from seeing, hearing, etc.
10. This is the curved, tough, protective transparent shield on the front of the eye through which light enters.
a) pupil
b) cornea
c) lens
d) chorid
11. Blue-eyed Tracy came out of the movie theater following a matinee. What kept Tracy from being blinded by too much sudden sunlight?
a) her iris reduced the size of her pupil
b) the clouds obscured the sun
c) her contact lens were colored blue
d) nothing; she was immediately and permanently blinded
12. The _____ is the transparent elastic structure that focuses light on the back of the eyes by changing shape.
a) pupil
b) iris
c) fovea
d) lens
13. _____ is the thickening or flattening of the lens that occurs when muscles change the shape of the lens so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at different distances.
a) Adaptation
b) Acquiescence
c) Accommodation
d) Assimilation
14. The light sensitive inner surface of the back of the eye, which contains rods and cones is called the _____.
a) lens
b) retina
c) cornea
d) fovea
15. The blind spot _____.
a) is the part of the retina that contains no receptors
b) is the area where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye
c) both of these options
d) none of these options; there's no such thing
16. You are not usually aware of the blind spot in your eye because the lost information is filled in with _____.
a) information from adjacent spots on the retina
b) images from the other eye
c) both of these options
d) none of these options
17. When you enter a darkened environment, visual processing shifts from cones to rods. This is called _____.
a) light adaptation
b) light accommodation
c) dark accommodation
d) dark adaptation
18. _____ is the readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations.
a) Perceptual affinity
b) Perceptual set
c) Expectancy theory
d) Reference framing
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ANSWERS
1. A Learning
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. C
11. B
12. D
13. D
14. C
15. B
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. C
20. A
21. A
22. C
23. B
24. D Development
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. A
29. D
30. A
31. C
32. D
33. C
34. A
35. A
36. C
37. B
38. D
39. C
40. D
41. C Anxiety
42. C
43. D
44. A
45. C
46.D
Sensation & Perception Answers
1 / D2 / B
3 / C
4 / D
5 / D
6 / A
7 / C
8 / B
9 / C
10 / B
11 / A
12 / D
13 / C
14 / B
15 / C
16 / C
17 / D
18 / B
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