Name______

Per____

Prokaryotes Study Guide due ______

“Your Body’s Abundant Bacteria”

Excerpt From “Are Antibiotics Killing Us?”

Discover, November 2005, Volume 26, Number 11, pp. 36 – 41.

This page was intentionally left blank.

Prokaryotes WS: Chapter 18.4, 18.5, 18.6

p. 539 Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes can be grouped based on their need for oxygen.

  1. Prokaryotes that cannot live in the presence of oxygen are called ______.
  2. Prokaryotes that need oxygen in their environment are called ______.
  3. The prokaryotes that can survive regardless of whether oxygen is present or not are called ______.

p. 540-541

Bacterial Structure & Function

Next to each letter in the diagram, label the E. coli bacterium similar to the one shown on p. 541.

1. Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? ______How do you know? ______

Describe the function or significance of each structure listed below.

  1. flagella –(B)______
  2. ribosomes –(E)______
  3. nucleoid region - _area to most likely have the genome
  4. genome/chromosome–(C)__all of the genetic material (DNA)______
  5. plasmid – (D) ______
  6. cell wall –(H)______
  7. cell (plasma) membrane – (G) ______
  8. capsule –(I)_outer layer on some bacteria that provides protection and can help it adhere to surfaces
  9. pili –(A)______
  10. cytoplasm/cytoskeleton–(F)______

12. List the 4 structures that are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells below.

______

13. How are Archaea and Bacteria different?

14. What is the staining method used to classify bacteria into different groups based on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

15. How can this staining method assist doctors?

16. Fill in the chart:

color turn when stained / amount of peptidoglycan
Gram Negative Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria

17. Can the same antibiotics used to treat Bacteria be used to kill Archaea?

Instructions: Describe the following bacterial shapes and clusters in the boxes with words and drawings for each: coccus, bacillus, spirillum, staphylo-, strepto-, diplo- (use p. 540 to help) / describe & draw a coccus bacterium
describe & draw a bacillus bacterium / describe & draw a spirillum bacterium
describe & draw staphylococci / staphylobacilli – do not exist 
- staphylococcus results when the plane of division is random; bacilli only divide at the short end, looking like a chain of sausages, never on the long sides, looking like a hamburger bun
describe & draw streptococci / describe & draw streptobacilli
describe & draw diplococci / describe & draw diplobacilli

Beneficial Roles of Prokaryotes – Read and answer the following questions using p.543-544:

  1. Name at least four foods that are produced using bacteria.
  1. Describe the mutualistic symbiosis that occurs between prokaryotes and the host animal.
  1. Describe some of the important roles prokaryotes play in the ecosystem (other than food)?
  1. How do bacteria help in environmental disasters?

p.547

1. Some bacteria cause disease in plants and animals by disrupting the host organism’s ______, or the stability of its internal environment.

2. A ______is a poison released by an organism.

3. Bacteria can make their host sick through food poisoning. This can happen when food handlers don’t______after blowing their nose.

4. The most common source of food poisoning is from foods that were contaminated after they were cooked. If contaminated food is not ______, bacteria can multiply and produce a large amount of toxin.

Complete the chart below using p.548:

Important Bacterial Diseases

Disease Description of IllnessBacterium Transmission/Cause

Anthrax / Fever, severe difficulty breathing / Bacillus anthracis
Acne / Chronic cysts and blackheads / Increased oil production in skin
Cholera / Severe diarrhea, vomiting, fatal if not treated / Vibrio cholerae / Drinking contaminated water
Tooth Decay / Destruction of minerals in teeth / Streptococcus mutans
Lyme disease / Rash, pain, swelling in joints / Borrelia burgdorferi
Tuberculosis / Fever, difficulty breathing / Mycobacterium / Inhalation
Tetanus / Severe muscle spasms, fever, lockjaw
  1. What is the name of the bacterium that causes botulism poisoning and usually as a result of eating improperly canned foods? ______.
  2. What is a sign that it may be present in your food? ______

3. What is the normally harmless bacterium that can become pathogenic and cause strep throat?

Name: ______Draw it:

Antibiotics – Read and answer the following questions using p. 548-549:

  1. An ______is a chemical that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.

2. They work by stopping bacteria from making ______.

3. Why aren’t antibiotics effective against viruses?

  1. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? Be specific.
  1. Why is it important to take an antibiotic exactly as it is prescribed by your doctor for as long as it is prescribed?
  1. Explain the 3 categories of problems associated with using antibiotics?

Use your notes and textbook to match the following terms:

1

_____ 14. binary fission

_____ 15. conjugation

_____ 16. endospore

_____ 17. transformation

_____ 18. pili

_____ 19. plasmid

  1. small pieces of circular DNA outside of the main genome that typically carry genes for specialized functions such as antibiotic resistance
  2. chromosome replication, followed by cell division; asexual reproduction
  3. picking up and incorporation DNA from other bacterial cells
  4. special, dehydrated cell formed when conditions are unfavorable
  5. exchange of genetic material through cell-to-cell contact; sexual reproduction
  6. hairlike structures on the surface of bacteria for adherence and conjugation

1

Other bacteria cause disease (pathogenic). Below are some descriptions of various bacterial diseases, followed by fictitious patients and their case histories. Match the patient to the correct diagnosis by writing the name of the disease in the blank that best matches the symptoms given.

  • botulism – very dangerous form of food poisoning; Clostridium botulinum; symptoms include headache, weakness, constipation, and nerve paralysis; may cause death if respiratory organs are paralyzed
  • cholera – common in areas where sanitation is very poor; acute and infectious; Vibrio cholerae; symptoms include severe diarrhea and vomiting, extreme dehydration, muscle cramps, and prostration
  • diphtheria – a highly contagious childhood disease; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; symptoms include sore throat, fever, headache, and nausea; a yellowish membrane forms in the throat that restricts breathing
  • gonorrhea – a sexually transmitted disease (STD); Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; attacks the reproductive system; symptoms do not appear immediately and include painful urination, pus discharged from the penis or vagina; if untreated, may result in sterility
  • lobar pneumonia – inflammation of the lung; leading cause of death in infants and elderly; Streptococcus pneumoniae; solidified lung tissue prevents air from entering alveoli
  • scarlet fever – contagious childhood disease; Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci; symptoms include sore throat, swelling of lymph nodes in neck, bright red rash, nausea, hot dry skin, and fever
  • tetanus – fatal unless treated; Clostridium tetani; symptoms include lockjaw, muscle spasms, convulsions, stiffness, restlessness, headache, and chills; bacterial organisms enter body through a puncture wound
  • typhoid fever – transmitted by contaminated water and food; Salmonella typhosa; symptoms include sore throat, high fever, loss of appetite, diarrhea and constipation, and periods of sweating and chills
  • whooping cough – infectious disease common in children under 10; Bordetella pertussis; symptoms include chills, vomiting, and bluish skin because extreme coughing prevents air from entering the alveoli

21. ______Patient A: 82 years old; has generally poor health; has sharp chest pains, blood-streaked saliva, high fever, and rapid pulse rate; X-rays confirm solid material in lung tissue

22. ______Patient B: 6 years old; mother thought child had a slight cold until a red rash broke out; child is listless and has a slight fever

23. ______Patient C: recently traveled to an undeveloped country and unknowingly consumed contaminated food and water; proper toilet facilities were nonexistent; exhibits severe muscle cramps and dehydration

24. ______Patient D: food handler in rural areas where proper toilet facilities are not always available; exhibits a very high fever and chills; blood is in his stool

25. ______Patient E: 30 years old; recently discovered a whitish fluid being discharged by penis; has had severe pain in urination for the last several weeks; additional tests have shown that inflamed testes have resulted in sterility

26. ______Patient F: teenager walking barefoot in a construction area has been punctured with a rusty nail; several days later he exhibited mild convulsions that rapidly became more severe

27. ______Patient G: has recently eaten food from a damaged can; has difficulty seeing, swallowing, and breathing

28. What type of drug is most likely going to be used to treat all of these patients?

1