P7 APUSH Wiley World War I: Note Guide, D___ Name

P7 | APUSH | Wiley | World War I: Note Guide, D___ Name:

Causes of World War I (1914-1918): “MANIAC”
—Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination, Crisis in the Balkans

Long-Term Causes

By 1900, hundreds of ______were active in Europe
But the forces of militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism would propel Europe into war in ______

Militarism / Alliances / Nationalism / Imperialism

Militarism: each nation kept an army ______
______ arms race
“The entire able-bodied population are preparing to massacre one another; though no one . . . wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow all Europe sky-high.” –Frederic Passy, French Nobel Peace Prize winner

The story of the alliances begins with a ______:
For defense, Germany created the ______in 1882 with Austria-Hungary and Italy
In response, the ______formed: Britain, France, Russia
By 1907, two rival camps existed in Europe  a dispute could draw most of the continent into war

Deep devotion to one’s nation + ______
______superiority  competition between nations
Driven by competition for materials and markets
______disputes

Nations of Europe competed fiercely for colonies in ______
______ rivalry and mistrust

Immediate Causes:Crisis in the Balkans and Assassination of the Archduke

Nowhere was a dispute more likely to occur than on the ______, which is exactly what happened

Crisis in the Balkans

The ______had ruled this region for centuries but was in rapid decline by the early 1900s
Some groups succeeded in breaking away from these Turkish rulers; others struggled to free themselves
______attempted to fill the power vacuum: annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina (1908)
______vowed to undermine Austro-Hungarian influence

Assassination  Ultimatum  War

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of AH and pregnant wife were shot when visiting Sarajevo, ______
______committed to ridding the Balkans of Austrian rule; member of “Black Hand”
Germany ______Austria to go to war against Serbia and offered “blank check”
Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia; called for an end to all anti-Austrian activity, allowing Austrian officials into their country to conduct investigations, (etc.)
To avoid war, Serbia agreed to most of Austria’s demands but asked to negotiate on others
AH was in ______; declared war
Russia then mobilized to protect their ally, Serbia

Other Nations Get Involved

Assassination set off a chain reaction that would ultimately lead to ______million casualties
When ______mobilized their troops in response to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war (they viewed themselves as the “protector” of all Slavic people in the Balkans), Germany called such action a declaration of war
______then declared war on Russia, and its ally, France

Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

Germany decided to race west to defeat France and then return to fight Russia in the east
Germans felt that Russia, with its ______, would have difficulty mobilizing its troops
______was vital; French troops were lined along the border; Germans knew that breaking through would be slow work

Germany’s Invasion of Belgium

Germany ______that troops be allowed to pass through Belgium on its way to France; Belgium refused
Germany then invaded and was ______in their treatment of the Belgians
______, with close ties to Belgium and outrage over violation of neutrality, declared war on Germany

View of War—1914

Millions of soldiers marched ______off to battle, convinced that the war would be ______
German sociologist Max Weber wrote: “This war, with all its ghastliness, is nevertheless grand and wonderful. It is worth experiencing.”
Little did they know that they would be the players in a four-year “exercise in death”

Who was Where?
Allied Powers / Central Powers
Later Additions

Additions to the War(with the exception of America, which will be covered in the next mix)

______: join in hopes of regaining lost territories
______: had been a part of the Triple Alliance; then switched sides
Outrage over Germany’s unprovoked attack on Belgium
Claimed they had no obligation to help Austria-Hungary or Germany since neither had been attacked
______: hoped to expand their sphere of influence in China and be recognized as a major player on the world stage
______: joined when the U.S. did, sure they would be on the winning side; hoped to be freed from position of acquiescence to foreigners
______: many fought, some in hopes that their service might lead to greater autonomy

Futility of War

New weapons and warfare changed perceptions of war: a “______”
Battle at Verdun: Germany advanced 4 miles; both sides lost over 300,000
Battle of the Somme: Britain and France gained 5-6 miles; each side lost over half a million
“One is left with the horrible feeling now that ______; that to win a war is as disastrous as to lose one.” –Agatha Christie

See “Crime of the Ages” cartoon.

U.S. Involvement in World War I

U.S. “Isolationism”

U.S. was horrified at the nature of WWI and ______its causes
Had a long history of staying out of ______entanglements
______and President Wilson urged for peace
Socialists strongly opposed the war; thought it was all about capitalism and greed
Had close economic and cultural ties to Britain, and to a lesser extent, France
Over time, U.S. came to support ______ideologically due to German war atrocities
Allies received lots of economic and military ______from the U.S. from the start of the war

“Most Americans sympathized with the Allies against the Central Powers but few clamored to opt in. Americans of all political persuasions feared getting dragged into Europe’s bloodletting. Eugene Debs urged workers to oppose the war, wisely observing, ‘Let the capitalists do their own fighting and furnish their own corpses and there will never be another on the face of the earth.’ As reports of the fighting filtered in, antiwar sentiment remained strong.” –Peter Kuznick, Historian, 2012

The Lusitania, 1915

Germans sank a British passenger ship, leaving 1,192 dead, including 128 Americans
Americans ______by the U.S. Sec. of State not to travel on ships from the nations at war
President Wilson issued a protest to Germany, who promised to issue warnings before attacking neutral and passenger ships

Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 1917

Germans faced ______at home due to a British blockade
Decided to resume USW to disrupt the flow of supplies from the U.S. to England and starve Britain into surrender ______America could join the war
The agreement with America had been broken  three American ships sank in 1917

The Zimmerman Note, 1917

Britain intercepted a telegram from Germany’s foreign secretary, Zimmerman, to the German ambassador in Mexico
The message said that the Germans would ______to make war against the U.S. if the U.S. looked to declare war against Germany
Promised help in reclaiming lands lost in the Mexican-American War (______) in hopes of keeping America out of the war
America declared war on Germany shortly thereafter

See Wilson’s War Message to Congress, 1917

U.S. Involvement, Overview

19 months spent in war technically; ______months in full combat
U.S. deaths: ______from disease
Played decisive role in Allied victory:
Financed the Allied war effort
Went from a “pitiful” army to one that mobilized much faster than Germans had imagined, which helped convince Germans to stop fighting
______saw war as great possibility for change across the globe
By the time Congress declared war in 1917, opponents of war in America had become a minority
Helping the Allies ______that was good for business owners, workers and farmers
Dramatic ______in the size and scope of the federal government
More opportunities emerged for women and blacks
Civil liberties suppressed

See Excerpts from “EDsitement” on why the U.S. went to war.

The [U.S.] Home Front[The Home Front refers to the civilian population, and their activities, of a country at war.]

Expansion of the Federal Government

Selective Service Act: draft increased the size of the army from ______to 5 million
New agencies were created to regulate industry, transportation, labor relations, agriculture, etc. (see next slide)
Some regulations made ______happy:
In return for a “no-strike pledge” many workers gained 8-hour days and wages rose significantly
Taxes on wealthy increased
______: took charge of wartime production, setting quotas and prices; commanded that factories convert to war production
______: propaganda tool to shape public opinion; distributed literature, gave pro-war speeches, encouraged spying and conformity, helped rouse anti-German sentiment
______: mobilized a nationwide ration-effort

Restriction of Civil Liberties

Laws to curb dissent disappointed many progressives but were______by the Court
Espionage Act (1917-today): prohibited interference with military operations/recruitment or support of U.S. enemies
Sedition Act (1918-’21): prohibited speech/behavior that was disloyal towards the Constitution/government
Thousands prosecuted and jailed; Socialist Party leader ______managed to win 1 million votes in 1920 presidential election from his ______after criticizing war

Violence and Suppression

Vigilante groups led attacks on the “unpatriotic” Americans
Cities and towns took great efforts to suppress ______by use of propaganda, boycotts, and violence
In 1914, 10 million Americans were derived from Germany
See Clyde’s comments below

“I remember when they smashed out store windows . . . that said sauerkraut. . . . Even the great Williamson store, he went in and gathered up everything that was made in Germany, and had a big bonfire out in the middle of the street . . . . Although he had many good German friends all over the country that had helped make him rich. . . . –Lola Gamble Clyde

Lynching Robert Paul Prager, 1918

______-born bakery employee
Socialist
Accused of making “disloyal utterances”
Lynched by drunken miners; 12 men were tried for his murder but were ______

Schenck v. United States, 1919

Charles Schenck, Secretary of the Socialist Party, distributed leaflets that advocated ______:
“Do not submit to intimidation. Military conscription constitutes involuntary servitude, which is prohibited by the ______Amendment.”
Arrested for violating the ______Act
Court ruled that a citizen does not have a 1st Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft ______
Court argued that the First Amendment right to free speech has limits; examples would be encouraging insubordination to the military during a time of war or shouting “______” in a crowded theater (when there isn’t one)
“The question in every case [about free speech] is whether the words used are used in such circumstances . . . as to create a ______that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.” – majority opinion

Do you agree with Schenck’s argument about the draft? Why or why not?
Do you agree with the Court’s decision? Why or why not?
What do you think the founding fathers would have to say about this?
Does the case contradict Wilson’s war message in any way?

African Americans During the War

Approximately 400,000 African Americans took advantage of the industrial boom, ______—The Great Migration
13% of army was African American; army remained ______
Most African American men and women showed great patriotism, hoping to see changes in race relations after the war

Women during the War

Thousands served as nurses and secretaries
______joined workforce; 8 mill. moved from low-wage service jobs for higher paying industrial work, though many were lost once war ended
Used patriotism to help win the ballot
______at the White House led to arrests, drawing attention to the suffrage movement
______Wilson switched his position; supported the right of women to vote in 1918 as a war measure
In 1920, the ______Amendment was added to the Constitution

The Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution—U.S. Response

Unpopular and autocratic Czar Nicholas II stepped down after a massive strike in 1917 (right before U.S. declaration of war)
A provisional democratic government took over but made the fatal error of staying in the unpopular war ______Revolution in 1917
Leninist Russia exited the war
Civil War from 1918-’20 between the “whites” (anti-communist forces) and “reds” (Lenin’s supporters) with the Allied Powers aiding the “whites” ______won
Allied Powers were furious:
Bolshevik ideology was at odds with the “democratic” allies
Russia out of the war was great news for Germany (no longer a ______)
The first Red Scare (1917-’25) began:
______: series of arrests and deportations of communists, Russian-sympathizers, and labor organizers
Socialists discriminated against
______campaign

Aftermath of War

Cost & Legacy of the War

_____ million casualties worldwide
Devastating economic and environmental impact on Europe
Traumatized soldiers
Conflict in the ______
Treaty of Versailles led to:
An increase in anti-colonial and ______sentiment
Growth of ______in China
Rise of ______in Germany and fascism in Italy
America became the financial capital of the world

The Lost Generation

Enormous suffering / apparent ______of war left a deep mark: a sense of cynicism, distrust, and disappointment settled over survivors—an ______
Horrors of war shattered the Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail
Faith in the moral guideposts that had earlier given them hope were no longer valid; people were “lost”
______that many people experienced are reflected in the art and literature of the time
Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot
From “The Hollow Men” by T.S. Eliot:
We are the hollow men
We are the stuffed men
Leaning together
Headpiece filled with straw
Our dried voices, when
We whisper together
Are quiet and meaningless
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.

How does the poem above reflect the attitudes of the “Lost Generation”?

“A Peace Built on Quicksand”

See Wilson’s 14 Points, 1918

Visions for the Post-War Period

After signing an armistice, the Allies looked to settle the peace  met at Versailles to draft a treaty
Wilson hoped to use his ______to establish peace
Free trade; freedom of the seas; self-determination; creation of an organization to prevent war; reduction of armies/navies
The ______share his optimism
Wanted to ______for national security reasons and revenge

Treaty of Versailles, 1919

Despite Wilson’s hopes, the peace conference was ______, incorporating very few of his 14 Points, and none in their entirety
Many felt “wronged,” which would play a role in anti-U.S./British/French sentiment around the globe (China, Russia, Germany, etc.)
The Treaty of Versailles destroyed Germany as a world power
Germans were outraged and ______the document until they were threatened
Terms caused resentment and economic hardship  led to WWII

Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Military Restrictions / War Guilt / Territorial Losses / League of Nations

German army ______limited: could not import/manufacture weapons/war materials, build/buy submarines, or maintain an air force

Germany forced to take ______
______
for war; $33 billion in reparations

Germany forced to return land to ______, give land to ______, and surrender colonies, which were divvied up among ______powers

International peace organization was established; ______were not permitted to join; America refused to join

League of Nations: Wilson’s 14th Point

“A general association of nations must be formed . . . for the purpose of affording mutual ______. . . . [W]e feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together ______the Imperialists. . . . For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war . . . .”

Objectives of the League of Nations

Guarantee independence and territorial integrity of all countries (ha!)
______disputes
Supervise arms ______
Curb aggressor nations through ______: Article X (ha!)

See League of Nations Covenant

League of Nations Controversy

Article X: “The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”

“______” Senators opposed the League of Nations, and thus, the Treaty of Versailles, mostly due to their ______
______; wouldn’t it prevent the U.S. from pursuing an independent foreign policy?
“Is the nation willing to have the youth of America ordered to war by an international body!?” – Senator ______
The “Lodge Treaty” made the U.S. exempt from Article X
Racism also played a role in objections to the LON
Some were determined to preserve US sovereignty and supremacy
Wilson though Article X was the most important part of the League; traveled the country trying to win support; would not compromise
Senate rejected the Treaty (and thus, the League), ______
Once established, the League proved itself to be a ______

See TOV and LON DBQ Materials