Discrimination against Middle Eastern Peoples

Note: Please look through resources very carefully. This is a controversial issue so some sources may have bias.Check carefully for the expertise or background of the writer or contributor.

Video

  1. Reel Bad Arabs:
  2. Reel Bad Arabs - How Hollywood Vilifies a People - YouTube► 50:12► 50:12
  3. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People | Democracy Now!►►
  4. Hollywood's Reel Bad Arabs - Jack Shaheen - YouTube► 79:28► 79:28
  5. Democracy Now: Reel Bad Arabs, & A Brave Little Girl Represents Human Tragedy And Triumph - YouTube► 52:50► 52:50

Books (CSUN Oviatt)

  1. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People by Sut Jhally ; Jeremy Earp ; Simon Shaheen ; Andrew Killoy ; Mary Patierno ; Jack G Shaheen ; Media Education Foundation, 2006Summary: Throughout its history Hollywood has portrayed Arabs as buffoons or bandits. The video seeks to rectify this stereotyping by comparing it to other forms of racist imagery and by suggesting alternative narratives that treat the Arabs as human, not demons.Link:
  2. Reel Bad Arabs : How Hollywood Vilifies a People by Jack G Shaheen
  3. Islam : Enduring Myths and Changing Realities by Aslam Syed

Portrayals of Arabs and Muslims (Hollywood and International)

  1. Shamma, Tarek. "Horror And Likeness: The Quest For The Self And The Imagining Of The Other In The Sheltering Sky." Critical Arts: A South-North Journal Of Cultural & Media Studies 25.2 (2011): 242-258. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  2. Adas, Jane. "Moving Film "The Other Son" Questions Essence Of Israeli, Palestinian Identity." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 31.8 (2012): 48-50. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  3. MALAMUD, RANDY. "In Dubai, A Cinematic Door To The Mideast." Chronicle Of Higher Education 57.26 (2011): B12-B15. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  4. Kozlovic, Anton Karl. "Islam, Muslims And Arabs In The Popular Hollywood Cinema." Comparative Islamic Studies 3.2 (2007): 213-246. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  5. Curtis III, Carl C. "David Lean's Lawrence: "Only Flesh And Blood.."Literature Film Quarterly 40.4 (2012): 274-287. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  6. Semmerling, Tim Jon. "Those “Evil” Muslims! Orientalist Fears In The Narratives Of The War On Terror." Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 28.2 (2008): 207-223. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  7. Van Buren, Cassandra. "Critical Analysis Of Racist Post-9/11 Web Animations." Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 50.3 (2006): 537-554. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  8. Salti, Rasha. "From Resistance And Bearing Witness To The Power Of The Fantastical: Icons And Symbols In Palestinian Poetry And Cinema." Third Text 24.1 (2010): 39-52. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  9. "Cinema On The Israeli/Palestinian Conflict." Cineaste 34.3 (2009): 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  10. Moreau, Ron, and Sami Yousafzai. "'Living Dead' No More." Newsweek 144.15 (2004): 37. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  11. Seymour, Richard. "The Arab Film Industry." Middle East 389 (2008): 70-71. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  12. "Arab Shorts." Art Monthly 334 (2010): 16. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  13. Meyer Jr., William E. H. "An American `Precedent'? Propaganda In American Movies: The Case Of The Hollywood Jews." Literature Film Quarterly 27.4 (1999): 271. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  14. Gertz, Nurith, and George Khleifi. "Palestinian ‘Roadblock Movies’." Geopolitics 10.2 (2005): 316-334. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  15. SHAHEEN, JACK. "The Making Of The 'Green Menace'." Nation 294.27/28 (2012): 15-17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  16. Peeples, Jase. "Better The Devil You Know." Advocate 1066 (2013): 66. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  17. Ephron, Dan. "On The Big Screen, Where All The Arabs Are Israeli." Newsweek 152.25 (2008): 12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  18. Halkin, Hillel. "The "Waltz With Bashir" Two-Step." Commentary 127.3 (2009): 46-51. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  19. Mandel, Daniel. "Muslims On The Silver Screen." Middle East Quarterly 8.2 (2001): 19. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  20. "Villains No More." Diverse: Issues In Higher Education 27.25 (2011): 5. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  21. Baumgardner, Jennifer. "Coming To Amreeka." Advocate 1030 (2009): 72-73. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  22. Shaheen, Jack G. "Unkindest Cuts." Index On Censorship 32.3 (2003): 76. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  23. Quinn, Michael, and Melissa August. "Where Have You Gone, Omar Sharif?." Time 144.6 (1994): 19. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  24. Hanania, Ray. "One of the Bad Guys?." Newsweek 02 Nov. 1998: 14. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  25. Stiffler, Matthew W. "Guilty: Hollywood's Verdict On Arabs After 9/11." Journal Of American Ethnic History 29.4 (2010): 118-119. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  26. Gaghan, Stephen. "Interview." Sight & Sound 16.3 (2006): 18-20. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  27. Shaheen, Jack G. "Arabs And Muslims In Hollywood's "Munich" And "Syriana." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 25.2 (2006): 73. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  28. Majaj, Lisa Suhair. "Reel Bad Arabs." Cineaste 28.4 (2003): 38-39. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  29. Shaheen, Jack. "`Rules Of Engagement': A Highwater Mark In Hollywood Hate Mongering With U.S. Military.."Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 19.5 (2000): 15. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  30. Yousef, Asma. "Protesters Shout `Yemenis Are Not Our Enemies'." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 19.5 (2000): 90. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  31. Marrison, James. "Arabs Not The First To Be Blown Away By The Movies." Afterimage 31.5 (2004): 14. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  32. Alsultany, Evelyn. "Evil" Arabs In American Popular Film: Orientalist Fear." Middle East Journal 61.2 (2007): 365-366. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  33. Galford, Hugh S. "Portraits Of Prejudice." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 20.9 (2001): 88. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  34. Shaheen, Jack G. "'The Mummy Returns'--Along With The Usual Despicable Stereotypes Of Arabs." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 20.5 (2001): 105. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  35. Shaheen, Jack G. "`The Gladiator': How In The World Did Bad Arabs Happen To This Roman On His Way To The Forum?." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 19.7 (2000): 106. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  36. Pogrebin, Robin. "Beyond Them and Us: Films About Israeli Arabs." New York Times 29 Oct. 2008: 3. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  37. Goodale, Gloria. "American Muslims Feel Under `Siege.'." Christian Science Monitor 06 Nov. 1998: B3. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  38. Boyd, Herb. "Protesters say: Movie demonizes Arabs." New York Amsterdam News 12 Nov. 1998: 4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  39. Broeske, Pat H., and NisidHajari. "Burden Of `True.'." Entertainment Weekly 234 (1994): 6. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
  40. "Designated Villains." World Press Review 46.2 (1999): 36. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.

Online Sources

Not all article links may work; if you experience problems with a link, please contact the library for assistance.

  1. Presumed Guilty: American Muslim and Arabs Presumed Guilty: American Muslims and Arabs on Making Contact
  2. American School Textbooks – How They Portrayed the Middle East from 1898 to 1994 American Educational History Journal, Volume 35, Number 1 and 2, 2008, edited by J. Wesley Null
  3. Scott J. Simon. "Arabs in Hollywood: An Undeserved Image". Emerson College. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  4. 100 Years of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim stereotyping by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh
  5. Why Hollywood Owes Me Money by LailaLalami
  6. Khalil, Ashraf (4 October 2007). "But can you play a terrorist?". Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  7. The Portrayal of Arabs in American Media
  8. Patrick Harrington interviews, Jack Shaheen, author of Reel Bad Arabs
  9. Driving to Zigzigland – Official site. Retrieved Oct 2012.
  10. War on terror drives Arab actor to "Zigzigland"Reuters, 14 Dec 2006. Retrieved 2 Oct 2012.
  11. "Terror Probe Changes Face of Racial Profiling Debate". FOX News. 1 October 2001. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  12. "Official: 15 of 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudi". USA Today. 6 February 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  13. MacFarquhar, Neil (1 June 2006). "Terror Fears Hamper U.S. Muslims' Travel". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  14. "Fox News Airs Suggestion for 'Muslim-Only' Airport Line". The Huffington Post. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  15. HenrickKaroliszyn, Samuel Goldsmith (10 October 2009). "Muslim advocates charge NYPD is racial profiling". Daily News (New York). Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

Incidents of Discrimination and Stereotyping after 9/11

  1. ADL Responds to Violence and Harassment - Anti-Defamation League responses to incidents of violence and harassment against Arab Americans, Muslim Americans and other individuals or groups that are perceived to be of Middle Eastern descent. Also commentary from groups, ranging from civil rights groups to extremist organizations.
  2. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee - Includes hate crimes hotline, incident reporting, advice for educators and Arab-American parents, educational resources, and statements of support.
  3. Amnesty International: The Backlash - Statement by AI on the racist attacks against Muslim, Asian and Middle Eastern people.
  4. Attack on America - Islamic Resource Center - Provides reactions from Muslim leaders, a list of Muslim victims, news on the anti-Muslim backlash in US and information on Islam.
  5. BBC News: Pigs' heads left at Islamic centre - Reports of vandalism and arson at mosques.
  6. BBC News: Scottish Muslims describe fears - Muslims meet to draw up a plan to change attitudes, Sikhs report fears, too.
  7. Seattle Times: Beaten Sikh is out of the Hospital - Relates two separate attacks on Sikh men, and sympathy forthem expressed by SeaTac residents.
  8. Seattle Times: Understanding turbans: Don't link them to terrorism - Includes an illustrated guide to turbans, in response to reports of attacks on Sikhs in the local area.
  9. The Muslim Council of Britain - Includes news, incident reporting, fact sheets, and newsletters.
  10. Tolerance, Civil Rights, and Justice in Wake of September 11 Tragedies - Statement from the US Commission on Civil Rights urging Americans to resist the temptation to unfairly target the members of any ethnic or religious group. Includes hotline for reporting racial violence, and journalist's guide of facts about the Arab American community.
  11. United States: "We are Not the Enemy" - Human Rights Watch reports on hate crimes after September 11 against Arabs, Muslims, and those perceived to be Arab or Muslim and the local, state and federal response to it.
  12. Ethnic and Religious Profiling in America - Anai Rhoads reports on incidents of abuse directed against Arab-Americans since 911. (November 13, 2002)
  13. Rediff.com: Complaints of harassment of Muslims rising in Montreal - Police in the Canadian city have received about 95 complaints of harassment and physical assaults from Muslims and members of the local Arab community in the past month. (October 12, 2001)
  14. OutLookIndia.com: Alone In The Crowd - An article by Kamla Bhatt about hate crimes against Asians and the factors involved. [Free registration required to view.] (October 01, 2001)
  15. Rediff.com: Sikh student shot at in US hate crime - A college student reports being harassed and shot at while driving on a highway. (September 26, 2001)
  16. St. Petersburg Times: Mail brings slur, threat to citizen born in Iran - In the second recent anti-Islamic incident in St. Petersburg, a family flees their home. (September 23, 2001)
  17. St. Petersburg Times: In a country they love, a dose of hate - A column by Mary Jo Malone about a local woman attacked because she is from Afghanistan. (September 23, 2001)
  18. DC Indymedia: Arabs, Muslims, Others Face Violence and Harassment in D.C.-Area - A summary of some of the recent incidents in the Washington D.C. area. (September 23, 2001)
  19. BBC News: Extra police to protect Muslims - Police draft in more officers and take extra measures to protect UK Muslims from violent reaction to the US terror attacks. (September 21, 2001)
  20. Rediff.com: Now New Zealand Sikhs target of racial attacks - Threats to Sikh gurdwaras (prayer halls) and the community by extremist organisations have been reported, also two Hindu temples have been vandalized. (September 21, 2001)
  21. CNN: Muslims targets in terror backlash - Reports of an upsurge in anti-Muslim attacks all over Europe. (September 19, 2001)
  22. CNN: Immigrants fear backlash to terror attacks - The fear of a backlash cuts across several immigrant communities in the United States after reports that one Sikh in Phoenix, Arizona, and one Pakistani in Dallas, Texas, have been killed in what the police suspect could be hate crimes. (September 19, 2001)
  23. CNN: Jewish, Arab groups join to fight 'backlash' - Representatives of a dozen Jewish, Arab and community groups came together Wednesday to speak out against what they see as a surging racist backlash against Muslims and Arabs in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the United States. (September 19, 2001)
  24. CNN: Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks - Reports of hate crimes against Muslims and southeast Asians have risen exponentially across the U.S. (September 17, 2001)
  25. CNN: Bush denounces Muslim harassment - Those directing their anger against Muslims in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon should be ashamed, President Bush said Monday. (September 17, 2001)
  26. BBC News: Racist attack on Afghan taxi driver - Police are investigating a racial attack in which remarks were made about the atrocities in the US which left an Afghan minicab driver paralyzed. (September 17, 2001)
  27. CNN: Man questioned in shooting death of Sikh - Police question a man in the shooting death of a gas station owner in Mesa, Arizona. (September 16, 2001)
  28. CNN: Arab-American community 'keeping its head down' - Reports of death threats, attacks, and hate messages. (September 15, 2001)
  29. Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Community answers targeting of mosque - Lewis Kamb reports that Jews, Christians, and Buddhists joined Muslims for an interfaith service at a mosque the day after an attempted arson, just one in a string of anti-Islamic acts reported in the area since September 11th. (September 15, 2001)
  30. CNN: Mosque firebombed in Australia - Molotov cocktails were thrown at a mosque in Brisbane, Queensland. (September 14, 2001)
  31. Cincinnati Enquirer: Muslims say they can feel the hate - The Ohio office of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, which receives about two calls about threats or harassment against Muslims per week, received more than 70 calls September 12th. (September 14, 2001)
  32. Cincinnati Enquirer: Muslim Criticizes Backlash - Dr. Salem Foad explains what it is to be Muslim and why America should not stereotype an entire religion. (September 14, 2001)
  33. Cincinnati Enquirer: Muslims urged to give aid - Kevin Aldridge and Earnest Winston report that area Muslims have called on their community to donate blood, give money and pray for the victims of the terrorist attacks of September 11th. They plead with the public not to take out its anger on them. (September 13, 2001)

GALE Opposing Viewpoints in Context (requires LAPL library card)

  1. "The Abu-Jamal Verdict." The Nation 7 Jan. 2002: 41. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  2. "Ahmed Mohamed and Youssef Megahed, Egyptian nationals and students at the University of South Florida's school of engineering, have been indicted in South Carolina for transporting explosives across state lines." National Review 24 Sept. 2007: 12. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  3. Kennedy, Randall. "Blind spot: racial profiling meet your alter ego: affirmative action." The Atlantic Apr. 2002: 24. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  4. KHAN, ADNAN R. "BORDERING ON PANIC: Post-9/11, Muslims like me are suffering close encounters with U.S. Immigration." Maclean's 25 Nov. 2002: 80. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  5. "California: Police Drop Muslim Mapping Plan." New York Times 15 Nov. 2007: A24(L). . 28 Feb. 2013.
  6. Bork, Robert H. "Civil liberties after 9/11." Commentary 116.1 (2003): 29+. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  7. Hope, Lori. "Did I Save Lives or Engage in Profiling? I alerted flight attendants to a suspicious-looking passenger. I feel guilty, but I'm not sure I regret it." Newsweek 1 Apr. 2002: 12. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  8. Weinstein, Adam. "Drinking while brown." Mother Jones Mar.-Apr. 2010: 16+. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  9. "End racial profiling." The Progressive Sept. 2012: 12. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  10. Polakow-Suransky, Sasha. "Flying while brown: must Arab men be racially profiled? (Gazette)." The American Prospect 12.20 (2001): 14+. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  11. Last, Jonathan V. "High Profile; What American airport security can learn from Israel's behavioral profiling system." The Weekly Standard 1 Sept. 2006. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  12. Isikoff, Michael. "Investigators: The FBI Says, Count the Mosques." Newsweek 3 Feb. 2003: 6. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  13. Ahmad, Meher. "My homeland security journey." The Progressive May 2012: 30+. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  14. "Preface to 'Does Racial Profiling Exist?'." Racial Profiling. Ed. David Erik Nelson. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  15. Childress, Sarah. "Profiling: Policing The Police." Newsweek 9 Feb. 2004: 9. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  16. Gorman, Siobhan. "Profiling terror." National Journal 34.15 (2002): 1058+. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  17. Macfarquhar, Neil. "Protest Greets Police Plan To Map Muslim Angelenos." New York Times 9 Nov. 2007: A23(L). . 28 Feb. 2013.
  18. BYRNE, HARRY J. "September 11: A Neighborhood Reflects -- Preventive measures are regularly challenged by U.S. Muslim groups." America 17 June 2002: 7. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  19. Taylor, Stuart, Jr. "The skies won't be safe until we use commonsense profiling." National Journal 34.11 (2002): 754+. . 28 Feb. 2013.
  20. Wise, Tim. "Thin Blue Lies: Police and the Art of Propaganda. (Thinking Politically)." Synthesis/Regeneration Winter 2002: 40+. . 28 Feb. 2013.

Academic Search Premiere Articles

How to open articles. Click on the BLUE link under the citation information for each article. Articles are already in MLA format. Then enter the username and password for the article database

  1. Peña, Aisha. "American Muslims’ Civil Liberties And The Challenge To Effectively Avert Xenophobia." Muslim World 99.1 (2009): 202-220. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  2. Khamis, Susie. "Braving TheBurqinitm: Re-Branding The Australian Beach." Cultural Geographies 17.3 (2010): 379-390. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  3. Yaqin, Amina. "Islamic Barbie: The Politics Of Gender And Performativity." Fashion Theory: The Journal Of Dress, Body & Culture 11.2/3 (2007): 173-188. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  4. Ahmad, Fauzia. "British Muslim Perceptions And Opinions On News Coverage Of September 11." Journal Of Ethnic & Migration Studies 32.6 (2006): 961-982. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  5. Love, Erik. "Confronting IslamophobiaIn The United States: Framing Civil Rights Activism Among Middle Eastern Americans." Patterns Of Prejudice 43.3/4 (2009): 401-425. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  6. Callaway, Azusa. "Literature Review: The Growing Need To Understand Muslim Students." Multicultural Perspectives 12.4 (2010): 217-222. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  7. Jackson, Liz. "Images Of Islam In US Media And Their Educational Implications." Educational Studies 46.1 (2010): 3-24. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  8. Phelps, Stephen. "Critical Literacy: Using Nonfiction To Learn About Islam." Journal Of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 54.3 (2010): 190-198. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  9. Kenan, Seyfi. "Reconsidering Peace And Multicultural Education After 9/11: The Case Of Educational Outreach For Muslim Sensitivity Curriculum In New York City." Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 5.1 (2005): 172-180. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  10. Hanley, Delinda C. "It's Time To End Racial, Religious And Ethnic Profiling Of Americans." Washington Report On Middle East Affairs 31.4 (2012): 27-28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  11. Mahdavi, Sara. "Held Hostage: Identity Citizenship Of Iranian Americans." Texas Journal On Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 11.2 (2006): 211-244. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  12. Bayoumi, Moustafa. "Between Acceptance And Rejection: Muslim Americans And The Legacies Of September 11." OAH Magazine Of History 25.3 (2011): 15-19. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  13. Hussain, Murad. "Defending The Faithful: Speaking The Language Of Group Harm In Free Exercise Challenges To Counterterrorism Profiling." Yale Law Journal 117.5 (2008): 920-969. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  14. Jentleson, Bruce W. "Beware The Duck Test." Washington Quarterly 34.3 (2011): 137-149. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
  15. Mansouri, Fethi, and Annelies Kamp. "Structural Deficiency Or Cultural Racism: The Educational And Social Experiences Of Arab-Australian Youth." Australian Journal Of Social Issues 42.1 (2007): 87-102. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.

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