What Is Marine Science

MARINE SCIENCE NAME______

UNIT 1 – WHAT IS MARINE SCIENCE?

What is Marine Science?

• It is the study of living organisms and their relationship to the chemical, physical, and geological nature of the ocean. It has two main divisions.

Professional employment opportunities that combine specialties:

· · International policies of the sea

· Environmental law

· · World trade - global shipping

· Mapping, exploration, research

· Biology, chemistry, physics, geology, engineering, and computer science departments will all train people for ocean related careers.

Consider these ideas before you decide:

· Many ocean related careers are relatively new and will continue to change. ______are preferred.

· Ocean careers can be the same as land careers - only in a different setting. With new technology, you do not have to live on a coastline.

· Most marine scientists ______spend their days SCUBA diving on coral reefs nor training whales at Sea World.

· ______determine the positions available. Student’s ______skills should match their career objectives.

· There is a shortage of applicants to graduate schools in oceanography, acoustics, and atmospheric chemistry; only marine biology attracts large numbers of applicants.

· Marine careers are generally divided into 3 groups: all levels of governmental agencies, military, and academic or educational.______

______

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

· Oceanography & Marine Biology began as a neccessity - not a science. Some of the greatest leaders are alive today!

· ______used the Mediterranean for trade.

· Greeks calculated the Earth’s ______

· Vikings led by Leif Erikson, colonized Iceland by ______and North America by ______.

· Arabs & Chinese developed the ______.

· ______used the stars to explore Micronesia in double-hulled canoes.

· Voyages of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1522) began the “Age of Discovery”.

· Ponce deLeon found the______by accident enroute to Cuba.

· In 1760, John Harrison solved the problem of calculating ______.

· In 1768, Capt. James Cook’s 3 voyages discovered ______and circumnavigated ______. He and his crew were killed in Hawaii.

· Ben Franklin named and mapped the ______while serving as Postmaster General for the colonies

· Matthew Fountaine Maury is called the ______. He published the first oceanography text as a military tool for use during the Civil War.

· 1872 - ______was the first scientific voyage. It lasted only 3 years, but it took 20 years to analyze all the data they collected.

· 1900 - ______established the first Oceanographic School.

· An expedition on the ship, Meteor, made 14 crossings of the Atlantic Ocean.

· ______descended 3,000 ft in the first bathysphere in 1930.

· During WWII, Cousteau invented ______and many other devices that opened the oceans to millions.

· 1950 - International Geophysical Year (IGY) studied the Indian Ocean.

· ______descended 36,000 ft. into the Mariana Trench in the Pacific - the deepest ocean depth.

· Project FAMOUS (French America Mid-Coean Undersea Study) and Deep Sea Drilling Project researched plate tectonics with the ship, Glomar Challenger.

· 1978 - SEASAT satellite launched for measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave heights.

· 1987 - Joint Oceanogrpahic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments.

· 1990’s - ______were opened for public access.

Modern Oceanographic Institutions

1. Monaco Museum of Oceanography -

· Jacques Cousteau was the director for 30 years until his death in 1997.

· The is the research vessel (R/V) of the Cousteau Society and is joined by the , a turbo-sail invented by Cousteau.

· Its twin 33 ft. towers boost wind speed and ______than regular engines. It completed a 10 year voyage around the world (1885-1995)

2. Wood’s hole Oceanographic Institutions, Mass.

· Scientist found the titanic, Bismark, and hydrothermal vent communities using .

· Alvin is a deep ______deployed from the R/V Atlantis II. It can transport a crew of 3 to 13,000 ft.

· Alvin was built for the Navy in 1964, a year after a second submarine tragedy.

· 1927 - seven men died in 100 ft. of water in the S-4 near Cape cod.

· ______, a nuclear submarine, lost its entire crew off the coast of Maine at 1-2 mile down. We still don’t know what happened. Black boxes were developed after that.

· 1966 - a US Air force bomber collided with its refueling tanker over Spain, destroying both planes. Four unarmed H-bombs fell out of the wreckage; 3 fell on land, one fell into the ocean. It took Alvin 80 days to find it.

3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observertory, NY - Marie Tharp is famous for converting sonar scans into bathymetric maps.

4. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, LaJolla, CA. ______are two of their R/Vs.

· FLIP is a 3345 ft. vessel, ______.

5. 1966 - Congress established the ______.

Currently, there are sea grant colleges in every coastal state and Puerto Rico, involved in a variety of graduate level studies.

6. ______(UNOLS) has a fleet of academic research vessels, deep submersible and remote robotic vehicles.

7. Marine Science is only lacking American science students. The US is only 17th in the world in scientific literacy.

Water Safety

3. Wear a life jacket in the boat and stay with the boat if capsized.

4. Know your limits - tired, cold divers make more errors.

5. Avoid panic and prepare for emergencies.

Water temperature is a big factor for survival that experience, training, and safety procedures cannot overcome.

· At 80o

· At 60o

· At 50o

· At 32o

SCUBA

8. SCUBA is an acronym for the ______invented by Cousteau.

9. Diver certification is required to avoid the dangers that proper training can prevent.

1. Decompression sickness ______

· Caused by surfacing too rapidly for ______to be eliminated by breathing.

· The result is ______which expand and damage body tissue to cause pain.

· Divers learn to surface ______and when to make necessary decompression stops.

2. Nitrogen narcosis

· At depths, ______is forced into the blood stream and has an ______quality that impairs ______and may cause the diver to become unconscious.

· The depth that narcosis occurs depends on the experience of the diver and the length of the dive.

Navigational Aids

Left Channel Marker - Green

Can

Right Channel Marker - red

Nun

Left Day Mark

Right Day Mark

“Red - Right - Returning” is a phrase used to navigate home

Knots = term used for speed in mile/hr

1 land mile = ______

1 nautical mile = ______

Semaphore - Alphabetical flags used to signaling

Nautical Terms

What Is Marine Science