第１章物理の基本用語
(GLOSSARY)
KyotoUniversity
GraduateSchool of Science
Division of Physics and Astronomy
Division of Mathematics and
Mathematical Analysis
Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Division of Chemistry
Division of Biological Sciences
Faculty of Science
Department of Physics
undergraduate students (undergraduates)
freshman, sophomore, junior, senior
graduate students (graduates)
teaching assistant (TA)
postdoctor (PD)
associate professor 准教授
assistant professor 助教
physicist
experimentalist / theorist
the first semester / the second semester
Courses
classical mechanics
electricity and magnetism (E & M)
quantum mechanics
thermodynamics, statistical mechanics
general relativity
nonlinear science
physics laboratory
senior thesis 卒業論文
condensed matter physics
quantum optics, laser spectroscopy
plasma physics
hydrodynamics
soft-matter physics
nuclear physics
particle physics
high energy physics
cosmology, astronomy
Matter
solid, liquid, gas
molecule, atom, nucleus (pl.nuclei)
nucleon, proton, neutron (cf. neuron)
electron, photon 光子
neutrino
hadron, lepton
quark, gluon
strong interaction / weak interaction
electromagnetic interaction
gravitation (gravity)
hydrogen, proton
deuterium, deuteron 重水素，重陽子
isotope
a periodic table of the elements
protein
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
gene
Mathematics, etc.
addition, summation
subtraction sign 符号
multiplication, division
product, quotient 商
round off, round up, round down
四捨五入、切上げ、切捨て
substitution
ratio (pl. ratios)
even number, odd ...
integer fraction, decimal
constant, variable
integration, integral
differentiation, partial derivative
differential equation
boundary condition
solution, approximation
numerator, denominator 分子，分母
maximum, minimum
scalar product, vector product, tensor
matrix (pl.matrices)
determinant, eigenvalue
reciprocal
circle, cylinder, sphere
square, cube, rectangle
parallelogram
trapezoid
equilateral triangle 正三角形
isosceles triangle 二等辺三角形
radius (pl.radii), diameter
circumference
surface area
volume
a diagonal
a right angle 直角
parallel, perpendicular
orthogonal
origin, unity
logarithm, exponential function
hyperbola, 双曲線
parabola 放物線
, quadratic function
quadratic equation
polynomial function
asymptotic expansion 漸近
extrapolation, interpolation 外挿、内挿
mean, standard deviation
the method of least squares
the least-squares method
an order of magnitude 桁
two orders of magnitude
dimension, dimensionality
geometry, algebra
projection
complex number
real number, imaginary ...
complex conjugate
Cartesian coordinates
cylindrical coordinates
spherical coordinates
the polar angle
theazimuthal angle
hypothesis criterion
analysis
estimation approximation
speculation 推測
Mechanics
force, centrifugal force, centripetal …
viscosity,friction
motion, rotation, translation 並進
gravity gravitation
a degree of freedom 自由度
an equation of motion
mass, weight, density
moment of inertia
momentum (pl.momenta)
angular momentum
velocity, acceleration, angular velocity
position, distance
Hamiltonian, Lagrangian
potential energy, kinetic energy
energy conservation
anisotropy
torque, friction, dissipation 散逸
oscillation, a harmonic oscillator
resonance 共鳴
precision, accuracy 精度、確度
amplitude, phase
pendulum
elastic collision, inelastic ...
turbulence, chaos
vortex (pl. vortices)
a frame of reference基準系
an inertial frame of reference慣性系
Electricity and Magnetism
charge, elementary ... 電荷
attractive force, repulsive ...引力､斥力
electric field, magnetic field
the method of images鏡像法
magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole
Coulomb force
Maxwell’s equations
gradient, divergence勾配､発散
speed of light
frequency, period, wavelength
current電流
voltage
oscilloscope
Ohm’s law
resistance, resistor電気抵抗
parallel-plate capacitor
mutual inductance, inductor
impedance
coaxial cable 同軸ケーブル
parallel circuit, in parallel並列
series circuit, in series直列
propagation, absorption 伝播、吸収
attenuation減衰
Doppler shift
elastic scattering, inelastic ...
弾性散乱､ 非弾性散乱
X-ray diffractionエックス線回折
reflection 反射
index of refraction 屈折率
interference 干渉
dielectric constant (permittivity) 誘電率
permeability 透磁率
dispersion relation分散関係
concave 凹 convex 凸
thermal convection 熱対流
the principle of least action
最小作用の法則
Quantum Mechanics
the uncertainty principle 不確定性原理
the Pauli exclusion principle 排他律
quantization 量子化
eigenvalue 固有値
spin, parity
symmetry, observable, operator
binding energy, a bound state束縛状態
the ground state 基底状態
excitation, an excited state 励起状態
activation energy 励起エネルギー
stationary state (c.f. stationery) 静的状態
steady state 定常状態
degeneracy 縮退､凝縮
perturbation 摂動
conjugate共役
invariant
commutation relations 交換関係
annihilation operator, creation ...
消滅演算子、生成...
orbital 軌道
Compton scattering
pair annihilation
Zeeman effect
de Broglie waves
Feynman diagram
principal quantum number
azimuthal ･･･ magnetic ･･･
quantum computing
qubit (quantum bit)
Statistical Physics
heat
specific heat, heat capacity比熱、熱容量
latent heat
temperature, pressure
free energy
entropy, volume
thermometer
adiabatic expansion断熱膨張
isothermal compression等温圧縮
canonical ensemble
partition function分配関数
phase space位相空間
Bose-Einstein condensation
distribution function分布関数
equilibrium, non-equilibrium
熱平衡 非平衡
critical temperature 臨界温度
threshold value閾値
mean free path 平均自由行程
fluctuation揺らぎ
diffusion
saturation飽和
hysteresis (pl. hystereses) ヒステリシス
medium (pl. media) 媒体
vacuum
renormalization 繰り込み
Condensed Matter Physics 凝縮系物理学
metal, insulator, semiconductor
superfluidity,
superconductivity
phase transition相転移
long-range order
saturated vapor pressure 飽和蒸気圧
ultrasound超音波
phonons, lattice フォノン､格子
crystal, amorphous material
alloy, compound, composition
impurity
paramagnetism, ferromagnetism
常磁性､ 強磁性
magnetic susceptibility
giant magnetoresistance 巨大磁気抵抗
SEM (scanning electron microscope)
STM (scanning tunneling microscope)
走査型トンネル顕微鏡
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
核磁気共鳴
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
磁気共鳴映像法
empirical rule経験則
Particle Physics and Cosmology
parity
fine-structure constant
particle accelerator粒子加速器
nuclear reactor原子炉
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion
核分裂､ 核融合
QCD (quantum chromodynamics)
QED (quantum electrodynamics)
量子色力学, 量子電磁力学
time scale
universe, galaxy 宇宙、銀河
a solar system
red shift赤方偏移
nebula (pl. nebulae)星雲
supernova (pl. supernovae) 超新星
black-body radiation黒体輻射
cosmic ray 宇宙線
comet彗星
the special (general) theory of relativity
特殊（一般）相対性理論
GUT: Grand Unified Theory
neutrino oscillation
proton decay崩壊
planets
Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,
Pluto
satellite
KEY EXPRESSIONS
by three orders of magnitude
on the order of
by a factor of
proportional to the cube of
the square root of
with respect to
in terms of
account for
characteristic of
be ascribed to
attribute A to B
respectively
For this reason
More precisely,
Interestingly,
on the other hand
Conversely,
consist of / consistent with
First, / Second,
on the contrary
(Exercise 1-1) pp. 1-2
Write down the words in English that best describe the following statements:
1.The product of the mass and the velocity of a particle.
2.The surface area of a sphere with radius R.
3.The most massive part of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons.
4.The distance between the origin and the point (x, y) = (1, 2) in the xy-plane.
5. The relation between two flat planes perpendicular to a common straight line.
6. The fundamental physical theory developed in the 1920s as a replacement for classical mechanics.
7.An elementary particle with zero charge and with a rest mass nearly equal to that of a proton.
8.A quantum of electromagnetic radiation (light).
9.The rate of increase of velocity with time.
10.A part of the energy associated with motion.
(Exercise 1-2) pp. 3-4
11.The intrinsic angular momentum of an elementary particle.
12.The fundamental principle often expressed by the relation x•p～.
13.An extensive variable in thermodynamics that gives a measure of the microscopic disorder of a system.
14.A reaction between light nuclei in which a heavier nucleus is formed with the release of energy.
15.The force between positive and negative charges is attractive. How about the force between two positive charges ?
16.The change of direction that a wave undergoes when it enters another medium.
17.Two resistors connected in this way give the total resistance that is the sum of the two.
18.High-energy charged particles which enter the earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
1