Review Sheet

AP U.S. History

Test – Chapters 15-22

Mr. Jones

  1. The Second Great Awakening encouraged a variety of humanitarian reforms, strengthened democratic denominations like the Baptists and Methodists, and was a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion.
  2. Unitarians endorsed the concept of salvation through good works.
  3. Religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening resulted in a strong religious influence in many areas of American life.
  4. As a revivalist preacher, Charles Grandison Finney advocated a perfect Christian kingdom on earth, opposition to slavery, opposition to alcohol, and public prayer by women.
  5. The greatest of the revival preachers of the Second Great Awakening was Charles Grandison Finney.
  6. The Mormon religion originated in the Burned-Over District of New York.
  7. The religious sects that gained the most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodists and the Baptists.
  8. The original prophet of the Mormon religion was Joseph Smith.
  9. Tax supported public education was deemed essential for social stability and democracy.
  10. Noah Webster’s dictionary helped to standardize the American language.
  11. Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulated by the Second Great Awakening because evangelical religion emphasized their spiritual dignity and religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home.
  12. New England reformer Dorthea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of prison and asylum reform.
  13. Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor.
  14. By the 1850s, the crusade for women’s rights was eclipsed by abolitionism.
  15. The key to Oneida’s financial success was the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.
  16. “Civil Disobedience,” an essay that later influenced both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.
  17. The Poet Laureate of Democracy, whose emotional and explicit writings expressed a deep love of the masses and enthusiasm for an expanding America, was Walt Whitman.
  18. As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin, slavery was reinvigorated.
  19. By the mid-nineteenth century, most slaves lived on large plantations.
  20. The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the 19th century was largely due to natural reproduction.
  21. Perhaps the slave’s greatest horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was the enforced separation of slave families.
  22. By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” located in the Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Page 2.

  1. The idea of transporting blacks back to Africa was the result of the widespread loathing of blacks in America.
  2. William Lloyd Garrison pledged his dedication to the immediate abolition of slavery in the South.
  3. Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840 when they backed the presidential candidate of the Liberty Party.
  4. After President John Tyler’s veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the U.S., the following took place: he was expelled from the Whig party, an attempt was made in the House of Representatives to impeach him, he vetoed a Whig-sponsored high-tariff bill, and all but one member of his cabinet resigned.
  5. The Aroostook War was the result of a dispute over the northern boundary of Maine.
  6. One argument against annexing Texas to the U.S. was that the annexation might give more power to the supporters of slavery.
  7. Dates: Texas annexation: 1845; Treaty with Britain over permanent Oregon boundary at 49th parallel: 1846; U.S. gains California pursuant to Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1848.
  8. Most Americans who migrated to the Oregon Country were attracted by the rich soil of the Williamette Valley.
  9. In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called Manifest Destiny.
  10. One reason that the British government decided to compromise on the Oregon Country border was the fear of war with the U.S.
  11. In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico for reasons that included the following: the deaths of American soldiers at the hands of Mexicans; Manifest Destiny; Polk’s desire to acquire California; the desire to gain payment for damage claims against the Mexican government.
  12. During the Mexican War, the Polk administration was called upon several times to respond to “spot” resolutions indicating where the American blood had been shed to provoke the war. The resolutions were frequently introduced by Abraham Lincoln.
  13. The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the Mexican War included the U.S. payment of $15 million for the Mexican Cession.
  14. The Wilmot Proviso symbolized the burning issue of slavery in the territories.
  15. The Wilmot Proviso, introduced into Congress during the Mexican War, declared that slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the U.S. as a result of the Mexican War.
  16. The Mexican War resulted in a one third increase in the territorial size of the U.S.; combat experience for those who would lead the armies in the American Civil War; increased respect for American military naval capabilities; deepened sectional tensions over slavery.
  17. In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, early-nineteenth-century politicians avoided public discussion of slavery.

Page 3.

  1. The U.S. victory in the Mexican War resulted in the following: a possible split in the Whig and Democratic parties over slavery; a rush of settlers to new American territory in California; renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories; the Mexican Cession.
  2. The debate over slavery arising from the Mexican Cession threatened to split national politics along North-South lines.
  3. According to the principle of “popular sovereignty”, the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by the vote of the people in any given territory.
  4. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment.
  5. Harriet Tubman gained fame by helping slaves to escape to Canada through her efforts in the Underground Railroad.
  6. In his Seventh of March speech, Daniel Webster called for a new, more stringent fugitive-slave law.
  7. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty.
  8. The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the decision concerning the new Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
  9. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was Cuba.
  10. The most brazen scheme for territorial expansion in the 1850s was expressed in the Ostend Manifesto.
  11. A southern route for the transcontinental railroad seemed the best because the railroad would be easier to build in this area.
  12. Stephen Douglas proposed the question of slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory be decided by popular sovereignty.
  13. Stephen Douglas’ plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the Missouri Compromise.
  14. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin intended to show the cruelty of slavery.
  15. Uncle Tom’s Cabin may be described as a powerful political force.
  16. When the people of Britain and France read Uncle Tom’s Cabin, their governments realized that intervention in the Civil War on behalf of the South would not be popular.
  17. In 1855, proslavery southerners regarded Kansas as slave territory.
  18. The Lecompton Constitution proposed that the state of Kansas have black bondage regardless of whether the document was approved or not.
  19. The clash between Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner revealed the fact that passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South.
  20. James Buchanan won the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1856 because he was not associated with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
  21. The central plank in the Know-Nothing party in the 1856 election was nativism.
  22. Nativists in the 1850s were known for their anti-Catholic and anti-foreign attitudes.

Page 4.

  1. In the Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories.
  2. Dates: Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854; Dred Scott decision: 1857; Lincoln-Douglas debates: 1858; Harpers Ferry raid: 1859.
  3. The panic of 1857 resulted in support for a higher tariff.
  4. Stephen Douglas argued in his Freeport Doctrine during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that action by territorial legislatures could keep slavery out of the territories.
  5. In his raid on Harpers Ferry, John Brown intended to create a slave rebellion.
  6. Presidential candidates position in 1860 election: Lincoln (Republican) – ban slavery from spreading into territories; Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) – enforce popular sovereignty; John Breckenridge (Southern Democrat) extend slavery into the territories; John Bell (Constitutional Union party) – preserve the Union by compromise.
  7. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede.
  8. The government of the Confederate States of America was first organized in Montgomery, Alabama.
  9. European powers favored a civil war in the U.S. because war would weaken the U.S.’ power in the Western Hemisphere.
  10. Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that Lincoln was going to re-supply the fort.
  11. In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln declared martial law where needed.
  12. To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to fight the Union to a draw.
  13. As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have the advantage of more talented military leaders.
  14. One reason that the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War was that they feared losing Northern grain shipments.
  15. During the Civil War, Britain and the U.S. were nearly provoked into war by the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.
  16. Napoleon III’s attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of the Monroe Doctrine.
  17. The Southern cause was weakened by a concept of states’ rights that the Confederacy professed.
  18. The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less difficult than those experienced by Jefferson Davis, in part because the North had a long-established and fully recognized national government.
  19. To fill the army’s demand for troops, the North relied mainly on volunteers.
  20. The Union’s establishment of the National Banking System was the first significant step toward a unified banking network since 1836.
  21. As a result of the Civil War, the Northern economy emerged more prosperous than ever before.

Page 5.

  1. During the Civil War, women in the North had new opportunities opened to them in industry.
  2. At the start of the Civil War, President Lincoln favored a quick military action to show the folly of secession.
  3. Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond.
  4. Dates: Battle of Bull Run (1861); Battle of Antietam (1862); Gettysburg Address (1863); Lee’s surrender at Appomattox (1865)
  5. Significant Confederate victories during the Civil War: Bull Run (1861); Peninsula Campaign (1862); Second Bull Run (1862); Chancellorsville (1863)
  6. Union General George McClellan is best described as overly cautious.
  7. After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General McClellan mad the mistake of consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him.
  8. The final Union war strategy included the following: capturing Richmond by land; undermining the Confederate economy; seizing control of the Mississippi River and thus splitting the Confederacy into two pieces; and a naval blockade.
  9. The most alarming Confederate threat to the Union blockade came from the ironclad Merrimack.
  10. After halting Lee’s troops at Antietam, George McClellan was removed from field command.
  11. The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union Soil were Gettysburg and Antietam.
  12. The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.
  13. The North’s “victory” at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
  14. Slavery was legally abolished in the U.S. by the 13th Amendment.
  15. Emancipation had the effect of strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.
  16. When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves in areas that were still in rebellion against the Union.
  17. As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln experienced losses in Congress in the midterm elections, there were sharp increases in Union desertions, there was mounting opposition in the North to the ‘abolition war’, and there were complaints from abolitionists that the Proclamation did not go far enough.
  18. During the Civil War, blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
  19. African Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties.
  20. The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because Lee’s army was essentially wrecked as a result of this battle, though they would bravely continue fighting the war for about another year and a half.

Page 6.

  1. The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance because of the following: it cut off the supply of cattle and other goods from Texas and Louisiana; it reopened the Mississippi River to Northern trade; coupled with the victory at Gettysburg, foreign help for the Confederacy was irretrievably lost; and it helped to quell Northern peace agitation.
  2. One consequence of General William T. Sherman’s style of warfare was that it made for a shorter war and ultimately thus saved lives.
  3. The group in the North most dangerous to the Union cause was the Northern Peace Democrats and the ‘Copperheads’.
  4. Clement L. Vallandigham, a Southern sympathizer and vocal opponent of the war, was derisively labeled a Copperhead.
  5. In the presidential election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the pro-war Democrats and founded the Union party.
  6. The Union army’s victory in the capture of Atlanta was probably critical to Lincoln’s reelection in 1864.
  7. The assassination of President Lincoln was a calamity for the South.
  8. The supreme test of American democracy in the 19th century was the Civil War.
  9. The Civil War resulted in the end of slavery (13th Amendment), the creation of the first federal social welfare agency (Freedmen’s Bureau), expanded federal powers of taxation, and the end of nullification and secession.
  10. In the post-war South, the economy was utterly devastated.
  11. At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners still believed that their view of secession was correct.
  12. Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War came very slowly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy.
  13. For blacks, emancipation would result in an opportunity for an education, the right to get married, the opportunity to form their own churches, and ability to search for lost family members.
  14. In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union.
  15. That the Southern states were “conquered provinces” and therefore at the mercy of Congress for readmission to the Union was the view of congressional Republicans.
  16. President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction took away the right to vote from Confederate leaders and wealthy planters.
  17. The main purpose of the Black Codes was to ensure a stable labor supply.
  18. Black Codes often included the following provisions: barred blacks from renting land, banned them from serving on juries, punished them for “idleness”, fined blacks who jumped labor contracts, and prevented them from voting.
  19. The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was Johnson’s veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau.

Page 7.

  1. The 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship, equal protection, and due process.
  2. In the 1866 congressional elections, voters endorsed the congressional approach to Reconstruction.
  3. Both moderate and radical republicans agreed that freed slaves must be granted the right to vote.
  4. Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when the last federal troops were removed from the South in 1877 pursuant to the Compromise of 1877, which compromise determined the 1876 presidential election.
  5. Many feminist leaders were disappointed with the 14th Amendment because it failed to give women the right to vote.
  6. Blacks in the South relied on the Union League to educate them on their civic duties.
  7. During Reconstruction, African-American women assumed new political roles which