AP PSYCHOLOGY

FALL 2013 – MIDTERM

STUDY GUIDE

Prologue

1. / In order to evaluate various accounts of human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on the process of______.
2. / Unlike Socrates, Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of ______.
3. / Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ______psychologist.
4. / A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ______perspective.
5. / Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ______perspective.
6. / Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ______psychologist.
7. / Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?
8. / Edward Titchener is to ______as William James is to ______.
9. / Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
10. / Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ______psychologist.

Chapter 1

11. / Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate ______.
12. / Understand how correlations between annual income and education level enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education.
13. / In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a ______.
14. / In any distribution of scores, an equal number of scores are both greater than and less than the ______.
15. / What does postmodernism emphasize about human knowledge?
16. / A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is ______.
17. / Psychologists study animals because ______.
18. / The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of ______. (What type of research?)
19. / Understand how correlation coefficients express the degree of relationship between two variables.
20. / Understand how correlation coefficients express the degree of relationship between two variables.

Chapter 2

21. / The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n) ______.
22. / After a skydiving accident, Laurie was unable to make sense of other people's speech. It is likely that her cortex was damaged in ______.
23. / A brain lesion refers to ______of brain tissue.
24. / The percentage of left-handers is dramatically lower among ______than ______people. (Which age groups?)
25. / A drug that inhibits the release of a particular neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap is called a(n) ______.
26. / A doughnut-shaped cluster of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the ______.
27. / To fully appreciate the interaction of neural activity, mental processes, and the functioning of human communities it is most necessary to recognize that people are ______.
28. / Endorphins are ______.
29. / The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is ______. (Put in order the following: limbic system, cerebral cortex, brainstem).
30. / According to Roger Sperry, a recognition that the mind cannot be fully explained by the activity of nerve cells is important for appreciating our human capacity for ______.

Chapter 3

31. / An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods ______.
32. / Our selective exposure to those life experiences that are best suited to our unique temperaments best illustrates the interaction of ______.
33. / Innovation and creativity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by ______.
34. / Research on brain development suggests that repeated learning experiences seem to ______.
35. / Compared to children raised in Westernized cultures, children in many Asian cultures grow up with a strong sense of ______.
36. / Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender-typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by ______.
37. / For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to ______.
38. / Girls typically play in ______groups than do boys and, during their teens, girls spend ______time with friends than do boys.
39. / As people progress through adulthood, women become ______. (dealing with assertiveness and empathy)
40. / Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing ______. (Think about types of twin studies)

Chapter 5

41. / The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the ______.
42. / Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between ______.
43. / One neural pathway detects differences in the loudness of a sound received by each of our ears while another neural pathway simultaneously detects differences in the arrival time of a sound to each of our ears. This best illustrates ______.
44. / Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of ______.
45. / The impact of vision on the sense of touch is best illustrated by ______. (What type of illusion?)
46. / Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina? ______. (dealing with lens, cones, pupils, or feature detectors?)
47. / Henry can easily read distant road signs, but words on a page appear blurred to him. Henry probably has ______. (size of eyeballs)
48. / Taste receptors are located ______.
49. / For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called______.
50. / Of the four distinct skin senses, specialized receptor cells have been identified for the sense of ______.

Chapter 6

51. / The tendency to see complete letters on a neon sign, even though some of the bulbs are out, illustrates the principle of______.
52. / Which of the distance cues most likely contributes to the perception that the height of the St. Louis Gateway Arch is greater than its width? ______.
53. / The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate the importance of ______.
54. / Depth perception that uses information transmitted to only one eye depends on ______.
55. / Texture gradient provides a cue for perceiving the ______of objects.
56. / Although the mountains were over 30 miles away, the morning sky was so clear that Showana thought they were only half the distance. This best illustrates the importance of ______.
57. / As the airplane descended for a landing, the pilot saw several beautiful islands that appeared to float in a vast expanse of blue ocean water. In this instance, the ocean is a ______.
58. / The phi phenomenon refers to ______.
59. / Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as ______.
60. / Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a ______.

Chapter 7

61. / Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience ______.
62. / In Hilgard's studies of hypnosis, a person's hypnotized self usually indicated ______.
63. / The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called ______.
64. / What is a stimulant drug known as “speed” whose aftereffects may include seizures and periods of disorientation? ______.
65. / The three main categories of psychoactive drugs are the depressants, the stimulants, and the ______.
66. / The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that ______.
67. / The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of ______.
68. / Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received ______.
69. / Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of ______.
70. / Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of ______.

Chapter 8

71. / Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of ______.
73. / The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called ______.
74. / Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates ______.
75. / After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates ______.
76. / What are examples of conditioned reinforcers? ______.
77. / In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use ______. (What type of reinforcers?)
78. / Learning associations between one's own behavior and resulting events is to ______as learning associations between events one doesn't control is to ______.
79. / Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of ______.
80. / In order to assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a ______.

Chapter 9

81. / On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items ______.
82. / Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of ______.
83. / Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates ______.
84. / When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates ______.
85. / Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate ______.
86. / Hearing the word “rabbit” may lead people to spell the spoken word “hair” as “h-a-r-e.” This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as ______.
87. / The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of ______.
88. / Retroactive interference involves the disruption of ______.
89. / Memories are primed by ______.
90. / Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced memories following enhanced production of the protein ______.

Chapter 10

91. / In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on ______.
92. / Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates ______.
93. / Research on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot ______.
94. / Myra has such low self-esteem that she typically expects critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of ______.
95. / The tendency to estimate that the letter “k” appears more often as the first letter of words than as the third letter best illustrates our use of ______.
96. / Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an elderly person must be indicative of Alzheimer's disease best illustrates the impact of ______.
97. / A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by ______.
98. / Psychologists are most likely to question whether chimps have the capacity to ______. (Do they understand other chimps?)
99. / The tendency for our preexisting opinions to distort our sense of whether a particular conclusion is logically valid is called ______.
100. / The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of ______.

Fall 2013 – Midterm – Study Guide - Page 1