REVIEW: SAMPLE SPECIFICITYOF OGM
Supplemental Materials
A Meta-Analytic Review of Overgeneral Memory: The Role of Trauma History, Mood and the Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
by M. Ono et al., 2015, Psychological Trauma
Table
of AMT / Number of Cue Words / Max time
(sec) / DVs* / Hedges g, SE
(95% CI) / Mean Effect Sizea
+ve / -ve / Neutral (practice)
PTSD
McNally et al. (1994) / PTSD
(21) / 51.28%, BDI (M=29.3, SD=11.5), M-PTSD (M=127.5, SD=19.6) / Non-PTSD (10) / BDI (M=6.1, SD=7.3), M-PTSD (M=75.6, SD=17.2) / Oral / 10 / 10 / 10 (4) / 60 / Gen+
Gen− / 0.57, 0.38 (-0.18/1.32)
0.56, 0.38 (-0.18/1.31) / 0.58*
McNally et al. (1995) / PTSD
(19) / BDI (M=29.6, SD=8.6), M-PTSD (M=128.3, SD=15.0) / Non-PTSD (13) / BDI (M=6.8, SD=7.2), M-PTSD (M=70.4, SD=19.2) / Oral / 10 / 10 / 0 / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 0.93, 0.37 (0.21/1.66)
0.44, 0.36 (-0.25/1.14) / 0.69**
Moradi et al. (2012) / PTSD (28) / BDI (M=40.72, SD=6.17), IES-R (M=72.88, SD=6.30) / Trauma without PTSD (25) / BDI (M=12.92, SD=5.24), IES-R (M=5.16, SD=1.49) / Oral / 5 / 5 / (2) / 30 / Sp / 4.51, 0.53 (3.47/5.55) / 4.51**
Cat / 2.58, 0.38 (1.84/3.32) / 2.58**
Schonfeld
Ehlers (2006) / PTSD
(29) / BDI (M=20.79, SD=9.71), PDS (M=30.21, SD=8.26) / Non-PTSD
(26) / BDI (M=4.04, SD=3.91), PDS (M=4.19, SD=4.09) / Oral / 6 / 6 / (3) / 30 / Sp+
Sp− / 0.80, 0.28 (0.26/1.34)
0.88, 0.28 (0.33/1.43) / 0.85**
Gen+
Gen− / 0.93, 0.28 (0.38/1.48)
1.20, 0.29 (0.64/1.77) / 1.08**
Schonfeld
et al. (2007) / PTSD
(14) / 28.6%, BDI (M=16.64, SD=11.25), PDS (M=27.21, SD=11.4) / Non-PTSD
(28) / BDI (M=8.07, SD=9.25), PDS (M=16.71, SD=14.41) / Oral / 6 / 6 / 3(1) / 30 / Cat+
Cat− / 0.35, 0.32 (-0.29/0.98)
0.66, 0.33 (0.01/1.30) / 0.50*
Sutherland & Bryant (2008b) / PTSD
(20) / BDI-II (M=24.71, SD=12.49), CAPS 2 (M=34.05, SD=9.98) / Non-PTSD
(21) / BDI-II (M=12.00, SD=12.81), CAPS 2 (M=7.48, SD=5.31) / Oral / 5 / 5 / (2) / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 1.96, 0.38 (1.23/2.70)
1.96, 0.38 (1.22/2.69) / 1.98**
Gen+
Gen− / 1.85, 0.37 (1.12/2.57)
1.94, 0.37 (1.21/2.67) / 1.91**
Study Characteristics and Effect Sizes by Sample
Table
Study Characteristics and Effect Sizes by Sample
of AMT / Number of Cue Words / Max time (sec) / DVs* / Hedges g, SE
(95% CI) / Mean Effect Sizea
+ve / -ve / Neutral (practice)
TRAUMA without PTSD
Aglan et al. (2010) / CSA no MDD (8) / 0%, No current/past MDD / No CSA MDD (49) / No current/past MDD / Oral / 5 / 5 / 5 / 30 / Cat+
Cat− / -0.30, 0.38 (-1.04/0.44)
0.36, 0.38 (-0.38/1.10) / 0.05
Hauer et al. (2008) / CSA
(70) / 14.3%, BDI-II (M=12.51, SD=12.37), IES (M=13.75, SD=10.66) / Control
(63) / BDI-II (M=4.46, SD=5.07), IES (M=7.88, SD=7.79) / Oral / 5 / 5 / 5 / 60 / Sp / 0.55, 0.18 (0.20/0.89) / 0.55**
Cat / 0.84, 0.18 (0.49/1.20) / 0.84**
Henderson
et al. (2002) / CSA
(22) / POMSc(M=4.41, SD=.56), IES (M=11.4, SD=11.96) / Control
(57) / POMSc (M=2.44, SD=2.95), no IES / Written / 6 / 6 / 6 / Self-paced / Sp+
Sp− / 0.68, 0.25 (0.18/1.18)
0.62, 0.25 (0.12/1.12) / 0.65**
McNally et al. (2006) / CSA
(71) / BDI (M=14.5, SD=10.4), DES (M=17.5, SD=13.7) / Healthy Control (25) / BDI (M=6.9, SD=7.4), DES (M=8.0, SD=7.8) / Oral / 10 / 10 / (4) / 60 / Sp / 0.59, 0.24 (0.13/1.05) / 0.59*
Moradi et al. (2012) / Trauma without PTSD (25) / BDI (M=12.92, SD=5.24), IES-R (M=5.16, SD=1.49) / No trauma Control (25) / BDI (M=7.28, SD=2.35), no IES-R scores / Oral / 5 / 5 / (2) / 30 / Sp / 1.82, 0.33 (1.17/2.47) / 1.82**
Cat / 2.06, 0.35 (1.38/2.74) / 2.06**
Raymaekers et al. (2010) / CSA
(42) / BDI (M=13.63, SD=7.91), PSS-SR (M=18.51, SD=12.49) / No history of abuse (26) / BDI (M=8.52, SD=8.99), no PSS-SR scores / Oral / 5 / 5 / 0 / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 0.80, 0.26 (0.29/1.30)
0.47, 0.25 (-0.02/0.96) / 0.64**
Stokes et al. (2008) / CSA
(13) / BDI (M=10.1, SD=4.0), IES (M=20.77, SD=16.2) / No Trauma (15) / BDI (M=9.03, SD=5.9), no IES scores / Oral / 5 / 5 / 0 / 60 / Sp / -0.15, 0.37 (-0.88/0.57) / -0.15
Cat / 0.24, 0.37 (-0.48/0.97) / 0.24
Ono and Devilly (2013) / Childhood Trauma (29) / DASS-21(M=12.41, SD=11.18), PDS (M=13.74, SD=13.15) / Control (26) / DASS-21d (M=10.23, SD=8.95) / Written / 5 / 5 / (1) / 40 / Sp+
Sp− / -0.33, 0.27 (-0.86/0.20)
0.60, 0.27 (0.07/1.14) / 0.12
Gen+
Gen− / -0.48, 0.27 (-1.01/0.05)
0.78, 0.28 (0.24/1.32) / 0.12
Table
Study Characteristics and Effect Sizes by Sample
(n) / Level of MDD, Trauma (M/SD) / Ver.
of AMT / Number of Cue Words / Max time
(sec) / DVs* / Hedges g, SE
(95% CI) / Mean Effect Sizea
+ve / -ve / Neutral (practice)
CURRENT DEPRESSIVE MOOD with or without TRAUMA
Andersson et al. (2013) / MDD (20) / MADRS-R (M=22.7, SD=3.42), trauma unknown / Matched Control (20) / HADS-D (M=1.90, SD=1.62), trauma unknown / Oral / 6 / 6 / 0 / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 0.77, 0.32 (0.14/1.40)
0.77, 0.32 (0.14/1.40) / 0.78**
Birch &
Davidson (2007) / Older adults with MDD
(17) / GDS > 14, No PTSD / Matched Control
(17) / No diagnosis / Oral / 5 / 5 / (4) / 120 / Sp / 0.84, 0.35 (0.15/1.53) / 0.84*
Cat / 0.48, 0.34 (-0.19/1.15) / 0.48
Croll & Bryant (2000)b / Women with MDD with a postpartum onset (13) / BDI (M=22.46, SD=6.64), trauma unknown / Healthy new mothers (13) / BDI (M=4.54, SD=2.73), trauma unknown / Oral / 6 / 6 / 6 / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 1.22, 0.42 (0.41/2.04) 1.76, 0.45 (0.87/2.64) / 1.52**
Dritschel
et al. (2011) / MDD (15) / BDI (M=31.07, SD=4.54), trauma unknown / Controls (15) / BDI (M=3.33, SD=1.05), trauma unknown / Oral / 5 / 5 / (2) / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 2.08, 0.45 (1.21/2.96)
1.82, 0.43 (0.98/2.65) / 2.00**
Cat+
Cat− / 2.13, 0.45 (1.25/3.01)
1.39, 0.40 (0.61/2.17) / 1.77**
Goddard et al. (1996) / MDD
(16) / BDI (M=31, SD=8.5), trauma unknown / Healthy Control
(16) / BDI (M=6.66, SD=8.99), trauma unknown / Oral / 5 / 5 / 0 / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 1.31, 0.38 (0.56/2.06)
0.64, 0.35 (-0.05/1.33) / 0.95**
Goddard et al. (2001) / MDD
(30) / BDI (M=30.2, SD=6.78), trauma unknown / Matched Control (30) / BDI (M=7.33, SD=4.19), trauma unknown / Oral / 5 / 5 / 0 / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 1.40, 0.29 (0.84/1.96)
1.12, 0.28 (0.58/1.66) / 1.25**
Kaney et al. (1999) / MDD
(20) / BDI (M=27.55, SD=9.12), no comorbidity / Control
(20) / BDI (M=1.8, SD=1.47), no diagnosis / Oral / 6 / 6 / 0 / ? / Sp+
Sp− / 0.49, 0.32 (-0.13/1.10)
-0.31, 0.31 (-0.92/0.30) / 0.09
Gen+
Gen− / 0.37, 0.31 (-0.25/0.98)
-0.36, 0.31 (-0.97/0.25) / 0.06
Kremers et al. (2004) / MDD
(26) / BDI (M=23.6, SD=7.1), no IES scores / Control
(30) / BDI (M=3.9, SD=7.1), IES (M=3.6, SD=9.9) / Oral / 5 / 5 / (3) / 60 / Sp / 0.93, 0.28 (0.38/1.48) / 0.93**
Kuyken &
Dalgleish (1995) / MDD
(33) / BDI (M=25.94, SD=9.17), trauma unknown / Control
(33) / No BDI scores, trauma unknown / Oral / 5 / 5 / 0 / 60 / Gen+
Gen− / 0.69, 0.25 (0.20/1.19)
0.52, 0.25 (0.04/1.01) / 0.61**
Renneberg
et al. (2005) / MDD
(27) / BDI (M=24.4, SD=8.8), trauma unknown / Control (30) / BDI (M=3.9, SD=2.7), trauma unknown / Oral / 5 / 5 / 5 / 60 / Sp+
SP− / 0.78, 0.27 (0.25/1.31)
0.58, 0.27 (0.05/1.10) / 0.67**
Ricarte et al. (2011) / Older adults with MDD (34) / Level of MDD or trauma unknown / Older adults without MDD (34) / No diagnosis, trauma unknown / Oral / 5 / 5 / Examples were given / 60 / Sp+
Sp− / 0.56, 0.25 (0.08/1.04)
0.73, 0.25 (0.24/1.21) / 0.64**
Cat+
Cat− / -0.38, 0.24 (-0.85/0.10)
0.39, 0.24 (-0.08/0.87) / 0.03
Wessel et al. (2001) / MDD
(17) / MDD level unknown, No PTSD / Control
(24) / No diagnosis / Written / 5 / 5 / 0 / Self-paced 120 / Sp+
Sp− / 1.28, 0.34 (0.61/1.95)
0.90, 0.33 (0.26/1.54) / 1.09**
Note. The DV(s) varied across studies, including specific memories retrieved in response to positive cues (Sp+ve) or negative cues (Sp−ve); categoric memories retrieved to positive cues (Cat+) or negative cues (Cat-); and general memories retrieved in response to positive cues (Gen+ve) or negative cues (Gen−ve). If a study did not differentiate the DV by cue valence, the DV is indicated without + or – mark. aUnweighted average effect size g was used by combining positive and negative scores; it should be noted that under Comprehensive Meta-analysis software the standard error becomes smaller when two results from one study are combined and hence the derived effect size is larger than a pure average of the two effect sizes. bAll memories were utilised rather than utilising only parental memories. BDI = Beck Depression Inventory. DASS-21 = Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 21 items. DES = Dissociative Experiences Scale. GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale. HADS-D = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression subscale. IES = Impact of Evant Scale-Revised. MADRS-S = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale, Self-reted. M-PTSD = The Mississippi Scale for Combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. PDS = Posttraumatic Disagnostic Scale. POMS=Profile of MoodState. PSS-SR = Posttraumatic stress Disorder Symptom Scale. *p < .05, **p < .01.