Anthropology 100: Ch. 5
Consumption and Exchange
1. What is consumption? / 2 meanings:(a)
(b) / Examples?
2. Consumption modes
2 contrasting modes
+
mixed modes
a) Foraging
b) Horticulture
c) Pastoralism
d) ______
e) ______/ · Based on relationship between______
and ______
· Minimalism = demands are ______+
______
· Consumerism = demands are______+______
What is a leveling mechanism?
What are some problems related to consumerism?
What are some ways to control the damage caused by consumerism?
What is personalized consumption?
How is depersonalized consumption different? / Consumerism leads to
1.
2.
3.
Consumerism is a major hallmark of______
and______
cultures. (p. 146)
3. Consumption funds
“Spending” can occur via time, labor or money.
How do budgets differ from one mode of consumption to another? / 5 fund categories across cultures:
a) Basic needs:
b) Recurrent costs;
c) Entertainment
d) Ceremonial
e) Rent/tax
4. Consumption inequalities
3 consumption microcultures:
pp. 150 - 152
(a) Class & game of distinction
(Israeli b’day parties)
(b) Women’s deadly diet
(Papua New Guinea)
(C) “Race” and children’s shopping
(New Haven, Connecticut) / · An entitlement is a…
· Direct entitlements are…
· Indirect entitlements are…
Why are indirect entitlements less secure?
How does an area’s economy affect entitlements?
Entitlement theory exposes contrasts between______and______.
How do government policies and actions affect entitlements?
· An intrahousehold entitlement refers to… / Examples of both types of entitlements:
Famine =______. It is caused in part by______
and______
but also by______
______
5. Forbidden Consumption
Food taboos:
--2 perspectives-- / · Why are there restrictions against eating pork in Judaism and Islam?
Cultural materialism says to
(a) Consider environmental factors
1. pig + its body temperature +
hot, dry desert regions of
Bible/Koran lands =
2. “pig-loving cultures” in Asia
and Pacific have better
climates for pigs:______
______
(b) Symbolic anthropologists say
· Food has meaning.
· Food communicates identity.
1. Old Testament (Leviticus):
Jews could eat only animals
with______
and that______
2. This rule creates symbolism:
Complete + pure=
Incomplete + impure =
3. Following the rule shows
other people that / Emic categories of food =
Mental map of the world and people’s place in it (p. 153)
To symbolic anthropologists,
food choices are not about
nutrition; instead, they focus on symbols and meaning.
VOCABULARY TO KNOW:
Chapter 5, part 2: Culture and Exchange
1. Culture and Exchangea) Items of exchange:
1.
2.
3.
b) Modes of exchange:
1. Balanced exchange
· Generalized reciprocity
· Pure gift
· Expected reciprocity
· Redistribution
2. Unbalanced exchange
· Market exchange
· Trade
· Gambling
· Theft
· Exploitation / Examples of each item: / Further details and examples:
Material goods:
Food
Wedding exchanges (Sumatra)
Alcohol
Money
Symbolic goods (nonmaterial):
Myths, stories, rituals
Labor:
People:
2. Changing patterns of Consumption
and Exchange
Market forces affect patterns of consump-
tion and exchange.
· The Amazon: sugar, salt, steel tools
· Russia/Eastern Europe: Social Inequality
· USA: global networks + Ecstasy
· Europe/North America: alternative food movements / Early 20th century-- Brazil govt made contact with remote Amazon peoples by…
Health impacts:
Late 1980s: transition to capitalism = rich own mansions and Mercedes.
Advertising emphasizes new foods.
Health impacts:
Late 1990s: sharp ↑ in use of drug Ecstasy. Here is how the supply chain works:
These movements oppose the agro-industry, which:
1.
2.
3.
4. / 2 categories of poor:
(1) ultra-poor
(2) poor
One of the first of these movements started in Italy and was called the…
1