*First author, year (Design) / Sample Size Diabetes Type / Gender M/F Age‡ / Country & Ethnicity§ / Depression Assessment Method|| / Adherence Assessment Method / Type of Adherence Measured / Effect Size: ES r (95%CI)
Ando, 2005 (Longitudinal) / N = 35 Type 2 / Not reported Adults / Japan; A / Yatabe-Guilford Test / Hospital Records / Appointment Attendance / 0.46 (0.18 - 0.67)
Brody, 2008 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 200 Type 2 / Not reported Adults / U.S.; B / CES-D / Electronically downloaded glucometer readings / Glucose Monitoring / 0.23 (0.09 - 0.36)
Butler, 2007 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 78 Type 1 / 41 / 37 Youth / U.S.; W (99%) / CDI / Self-report / Composite / 0.32 (0.11 - 0.51)
Chao, 2005 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 445 Type 2 / 221 / 223 Adults / U.S.; W (78.2%) / PHQ-8 / Self-report / Medication / 0.21 (0.11 - 0.29)
Ciechanowski, 2003 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 475 Type 1 = 276 Type 2 = 199 / 261 / 214 Adults / U.S.; W (91%) / HSCL-90-R / Self-report / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring / 0.15 (0.06-0.25)
Ciechanowski, 2006 (Longitudinal) / N = 3923 Type 1 and Type 2 / 2015 / 1908 Adults / U.S.; W (80%) / PHQ-9 / Hospital Records / Appointment Attendance / 0.32 (0.29 - 0.34)
†Ciechanowski, 2000 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 359 Type 1 = 14 Type 2 = 345 / 158 / 201 Adults / U.S.; W (86%) / HSCL-90-R / Self-report Pharmacy Records / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring, Medication / 0.20 (0.06-0.32)
Clarke, 2005 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 99 Type 1 = 44 Type 2 = 55 / 50 / 49 Adults / New Zealand; A (46%), W (43%), O (10%) / Non-validated self-report inventory of depressive symptoms / Self-report / Composite / 0.51 (0.35 - 0.64)
Eaton,1992 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 127 Type 1 / 50 / 71 <1% Youth >99% Adults / U.S., Not reported / CES-D / Self-report of glucose monitoring and chart data for missed appointments and forgetting to bring blood sugar records to visits / Composite / 0.15 (-0.03 - 0.32)
Fisher, 2007 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 506 Type 2 / 218 / 288 Adults / U.S.; W (37%), B (21%), H (19%), A (17%), O (1%) / CIDI & CES-D / Self-report / Diet, Exercise / 0.11 (0.02 - 0.20)
†Garcia de Alba Garcia, 2006 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 796 Type 2 / 307 / 489 Adults / Mexico; H / Zung (in Spanish) / Self-report / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring / 0.11 (0.02 - 0.21)
†Gonzalez, in press (Longitudinal) / N = 208 Type 2 / 106 / 102 Adults / U.S.; W (86%) / HANDS / Self-report / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring, Medication / 0.20 (0.07 - 0.33)
Grey, 1991 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 103 Type 1 / 49 / 54 Youth / U.S.; W (62%), B (10%), H or A (28%) / CDI / Self-report / Composite / 0.07 (-0.13 - 0.26)
Herpertz, 2001 (Longitudinal) / N = 36 Type 1 = 13 Type 2 = 23 / 10 / 26 Adults / Germany; Not reported / BDI / Interview to assess deliberate insulin omission / Medication / 0.30 (-0.22 - 0.69)
Hill-Briggs, 2005 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 181 Type 2 / 44 / 137 Adults / U.S.; B / CES-D / Self-report / Medication / 0.14 (-0.01 - 0.28)
Hood, 2006 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 145 Type 1 / 64 / 81 Youth / U.S.; Not reported / CDI / Electronically downloaded data supplemented by parent report / Glucose Monitoring / 0.21 (0.04 - 0.38)
Kilbourne, 2005 (Longitudinal) / N = 203 Type 2 / 203 / 0 Adults / U.S.; W (83%) / PHQ-9 / Self-report / Medication / 0.16 (0.01 - 0.30)
Korbel, 2007 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 127 Type 1 / 65 / 62 Youth / U.S.; W (97%) / CDI / Self-report / Composite / 0.44 (0.29 - 0.57)
Kovacs, 1996 (Longitudinal) / N = 88 Type 1 / 42 / 46 Youth / U.S.; W (94%), B (6%) / ISCA / Interview / Composite / 0.23 (0.02 - 0.42)
Kuo, 2003 (Longitudinal) / N = 908 / 372 / 536 Adults / U.S.; H / CES-D - depressed vs. not depressed / Interview / Medication / 0.02 (-0.04 - 0.09)
Kuttner, 1990 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 50 Type 1 / 20 / 30 Youth / U.S.; W (92%) / CDI / Interview / Composite / 0.14 (-0.15 - 0.40)
Lerman, 2004 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 176 Type 2 / 64 / 112 Adults / Mexico; H / One question regarding mood / Self-report / Composite / 0.23 (0.04 - 0.41)
†Lin, 2004 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 4463 Type 1 = 196 Type 2 = 4267 / Not Reported Adults / U.S.; W (88%), A (6%), B (4%), H (3%) / PHQ-9 / Self-report Pharmacy Refill Data / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring, Medication / 0.07 (0.03 - 0.11)
Littlefield, 1992 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 193 Type 1 / 90 / 103 Youth / Canada; Not reported / CDI / Self-report / Composite / 0.50 (0.39 - 0.60)
Lustman, 2005 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 188 Type 1 / 50 / 50 Adults / U.S.; W (96%) / SCL-90 / Self-report / Composite / 0.26 (0.12 - 0.39)
McCaul, 1987 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 107 Type 1 / 50 / 57 21% Youth 79% Adults / U.S.; W (100%) / ATQ / Self-monitoring records, self-report, 24-hour dietary recall, activity monitor / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring, Medication / Adolescents = 0.43 (0.02-0.72); Adults = 0.07 (-0.14-0.28)
†McKellar, 2004 (Longitudinal) / N = 307 Type 2 / 219 / 88 Adults / U.S.; W (45%), H (31%), B (12%), O (12%) / CES-D / Self-report / Diet, Composite, Medication / 0.28 (0.17 - 0.38)
Murata, 2004 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 347 Type 2 / 333 / 14 Adults / U.S.; W (66.9%) / GDS / Self-report / Diet / 0.14 (-0.02 - 0.30)
Naar-King, 2006 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 119 Type 1 / 61 / 58 Youth / U.S.; B (61%), W (26%), H, A, or O (13%) / BASC / Self-report / Composite / 0.23 (0.05 - 0.39)
Nau, 2007 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 391 Type 2 / 195 / 196 Adults / U.S.; W (78.3%) / PHQ-8 / Self-report / Medication / Men = 0.25 (0.12 - 0.37); Women = 0.05 (-0.09 - 0.18)
Padgett, 1993 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 180 Type 2 = 147 Type 1 = 33 / 88 / 92 Adults / Croatia; Not reported / Zung (translated into Croatian) / Self-report / Composite / 0.21 (0.07 – 0.35)
Park, 2004 (Cross-sectional) / N = 168 Type 2 / 101 / 67 Adults / Republic of Korea; Not reported / CES-D / Self-report / Diet, Exercise , Glucose Monitoring, Medication / 0.13 (-0.03 – 0.28)
Ponzo, 2006 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 50 Type 2 / 25 / 25 Adults / Canada; 100% Italian Heritage / CES-D / Self-report / Diet / 0.02 (-0.26 – 0.30)
Sacco, 2007 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 99 Type 2 / 46 / 53 Adults / U.S.; W (78%), B (13%), H (8%), A (1%) / PHQ-9 / Self-report / Composite / 0.38 (0.20 – 0.54)
Storch, 2006 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 167 Type 1 / 60 / 107 Youth / U.S.; W (80.2%), B (13.8%), H (2.6%), O (2.4%) / CDI-S / Interview / Composite / 0.24 (0.09 – 0.38)
Surridge, 1984 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 50 Type 1 / 27 / 23 Adults / Canada; Not reported / HRSD / Hospital records, unstructured dietitian reports, self-reports, and spouse or relative reports / Appointment Attendance, Diet, Frequency of Exercise, Frequency of Urine Tests, Self-management when, Distressed / 0.31 (0.03 - 0.54)
Tellez-Zenteno, 2002 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 189 Type 2 / 80 / 109 Adults / Mexico ; Not Reported / BDI / Interview / Composite, Diet, Exercise / 0.26 (0.12 - 0.39)
Van Tilburg, 2001 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 30 Type 1 / 21 / 9 Adults / U.S.; W (93%), B (7%) / BDI / Interview / Glucose Monitoring / 0.32 (-0.05 - 0.61)
Wearden, 2006 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 62 Type 1 / 31 / 31 Adults / United Kingdom; Not reported / HAD / Interview / Composite / 0.18 (-0.08 - 0.41)
Weijman, 2005 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 292 Type 1 = 159 Type 2 = 133 / 195 / 97 Adults / Netherlands; Not Reported / CES-D / Self-report / Diet, Glucose monitoring, Medication / Type 1 = 0.01 (-0.15 - 0.16); Type 2 = 0.10 (-0.07 - 0.27)
Weinger, 2005 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 407 Type 1 = 248 Type 2 = 159 / 175 / 232 Adults / U.S.; W (88%) / SCL-90 / Self-report / Composite / Type 1 = 0.21 (0.09 – 0.33); Type 2 = 0.29 (0.14 – 0.43)
Weinger, 2005 (Longitudinal) / N = 134 Type 1 = 84 Type 2 = 50 / 54 / 80 Adults / U.S.; Not reported / BSI / Hospital Record Data / Appointment Attendance / 0.29 (0.14 - 0.43)
Wilson, 1986 (Cross-Sectional) / N = 184 Type 2 / 61 / 123 Adults / U.S.; W (97.8%) / BDI and CES-D (averaged) / Self-report / Diet, Exercise, Glucose Monitoring, Medication / 0.15 (-0.02 - 0.32)

* - See below for a list of complete references for all publications included in the meta-analysis

† - Some data that was not included in the original publication was obtained from the author(s)

‡ - (M) -- Male, (F) -- Female

§ - (A) -- Asian or Pacific Islander, (B) -- African American, (H) – Hispanic, (W) -- Non-Hispanic Caucasian / White, (O) – Other

|| - CES-D – Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CDI – Children’s Depression Inventory, PHQ -- Patient Health Questionnaire, HSCL (i.e., SCL) -- Hopkins Symptom Checklist (R – revised), CIDI -- Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Zung – Zung Self-report Depression Scale, HANDS -- Harvard National Depression Screening Scale, BDI – Beck Depression Inventory, ISCA -- Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents, ATQ – Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, GDS – Geriatric Depression Scale, BASC – Behavior Assessment System for Children, CDI-S – Children’s Depression Inventory- Short form, HRSD –Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, HAD – Hospital Anxiety and Depression, BSI – Beck Symptom Inventory

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