Period 3: 1754–1800

Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control overits North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursueself-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.

I. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians foreconomic and political advantage in North America culminated in the SevenYears’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France andallied American Indians.

A) Colonial rivalry intensifiedbetween Britain andFrance in the mid-18thcentury, as the growingpopulation of the Britishcolonies expanded into theinterior of North America,threatening French–Indiantrade networks and AmericanIndian autonomy.

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B) Britain achieved a majorexpansion of its territorialholdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stagefor imperial efforts to raiserevenue and consolidatecontrol over the colonies.

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C) After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, whilenative groups sought toboth continue tradingwith Europeans and resistthe encroachments ofcolonists on tribal lands.

C. British limits on colonial expansion west... / C. Native Americans resisting colonial expansion...
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II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewedBritish imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

A) The imperial struggles of themid-18th century, as well asnew British efforts to collecttaxes without direct colonialrepresentation or consent andto assert imperial authority inthe colonies, began to unite thecolonists against perceived andreal constraints on their economicactivities and political rights.

British Attempts to Tax…And → / Colonial Responses to Brit Attempts to Tax
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B) Colonial leaders based theircalls for resistance to Britainon arguments about therights of British subjects, therights of the individual, localtraditions of self-rule, and theideas of the Enlightenment.

B. Rights of Englishmen / B. Self-rule / B. Enlightenment & Indiv. Rights
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C) The effort for Americanindependence was energizedby colonial leaders such asBenjamin Franklin, as well asby popular movements thatincluded the political activism oflaborers, artisans, and women.

C. Laborers & Artisans / C. Women / C. Leaders
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D) In the face of economic shortagesand the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers toprovide financial and materialsupport to the Patriot movement.

D. Examples of Patriot military & $ support / D. Regions occupied by Brits
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E) Despite considerable loyalistopposition, as well as GreatBritain’s apparently overwhelmingmilitary and financial advantages,the Patriot cause succeededbecause of the actions of colonialmilitias and the ContinentalArmy, George Washington’smilitary leadership, the colonists’ideological commitment andresilience, and assistancesent by European allies.

E. Loyalist opposition / E. British Advantages
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E. Why the Patriot colonists won the American Revolution...
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Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic andrepublican ideals inspired new experiments with different formsof government.

I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics,religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century.

A) Enlightenment ideas and philosophyinspired many American politicalthinkers to emphasize individualtalent over hereditary privilege,while religion strengthenedAmericans’ view of themselvesas a people blessed with liberty.

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B) The colonists’ belief in thesuperiority of republican formsof government based on thenatural rights of the peoplefound expression in ThomasPaine’s Common Sense and theDeclaration of Independence.The ideas in these documentsresonated throughout Americanhistory, shaping Americans’understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.

B. Idea’s of Paine’s Common Sense / B. Ideas of the Declaration of Independence
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C) During and after the AmericanRevolution, an increasedawareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call forthe abolition of slavery and greaterpolitical democracy in the newstate and national governments.

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D) In response to women’sparticipation in the AmericanRevolution, Enlightenmentideas, and women’s appealsfor expanded roles, an idealof “republican motherhood”gained popularity. It called onwomen to teach republican valueswithin the family and grantedwomen a new importance inAmerican political culture.

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E) The American Revolutionand the ideals set forth in theDeclaration of Independencereverberated in France, Haiti, andLatin America, inspiring futureindependence movements.

E. Some fact (or facts) about each place showing influence of the American Revolution
French Revolution:
Haiti:
Latin American Independence Movements:

II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutionsand declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governmentswhile protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessivepopular influence.

A) Many new state constitutionsplaced power in the handsof the legislative branch andmaintained property qualificationsfor voting and citizenship.

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B) The Articles of Confederation unifiedthe newly independent states,creating a central government withlimited power. After the Revolution,difficulties over internationaltrade, finances, interstatecommerce, foreign relations, andinternal unrest led to calls for astronger central government.

B. Powers of Articles of Confederation / B. Challenges of Articles of Confederation
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C) Delegates from the statesparticipated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that createda limited but dynamic centralgovernment embodying federalismand providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.

C. Constitutional Convention / C. Great Compromise
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Define federalism: / Define separation of powers:

D) The Constitutional Conventioncompromised over the representationof slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government inregulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of theinternational slave trade after 1808.

D. Three-Fifths Compromise / D. Commercial Compromise
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E) In the debate over ratifying theConstitution, Anti-Federalistsopposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles werearticulated in the Federalist Papers(primarily written by AlexanderHamilton and James Madison).Federalists ensured the ratificationof the Constitution by promisingthe addition of a Bill of Rights thatenumerated individual rights andexplicitly restricted the powersof the federal government.

E. Antifederalists (people & ideas) / E. Federalists (people) / E. Federalist Papers (ideas)
1. / 1. Alexander Hamilton / 1.
2. / 2. James Madison / 2.
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E. Bill of Rights as related to ratification debates... / E. Main Ideas of the Bill of Rights...
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III. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in theUnited States alongside continued regional variations and differences overeconomic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.

A) During the presidentialadministrations of GeorgeWashington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions andprecedents that putthe principles of theConstitution into practice.

A. Admin of George Washington (precedents) / A. Admin of John Adams (turmoil & conflict)
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B) Political leaders in the1790s took a variety ofpositions on issues such asthe relationship betweenthe national governmentand the states, economicpolicy, foreign policy,and the balance betweenliberty and order. This ledto the formation of politicalparties — most significantlythe Federalists, led byAlexander Hamilton, and theDemocratic-Republican Party,led by Thomas Jeffersonand James Madison.

B. Federalist Party leaders / B. Democratic-Republican Party leaders
1. Alexander Hamilton / 1. Thomas Jefferson
2. (George Washington) / 2. James Madison
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B. Federalist Party ideas / B. Democratic-Republican Party ideas
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C) The expansion of slaveryin the deep South andadjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctiveregional attitudestoward the institution.

C. Expansion of slavery... (whys) / C. Rising antislavery sentiment & where
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D) Ideas about nationalidentity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.

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Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America andcompetition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensifiedconflicts among peoples and nations.

I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.

A) Various American Indiangroups repeatedly evaluatedand adjusted their allianceswith Europeans, other tribes,and the U.S., seeking to limitmigration of white settlersand maintain control of triballands and natural resources.British alliances with AmericanIndians contributed to tensionsbetween the U.S. and Britain.

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B) As increasing numbers ofmigrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward,frontier cultures that hademerged in the colonial periodcontinued to grow, fueling social,political, and ethnic tensions.

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C) As settlers moved westwardduring the 1780s, Congressenacted the Northwest Ordinancefor admitting new states; theordinance promoted publiceducation, the protection ofprivate property, and a ban onslavery in the Northwest Territory.

C. Details of Northwest Ordinance / C. Effects of Northwest Ordinance
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D) An ambiguous relationshipbetween the federal governmentand American Indian tribescontributed to problemsregarding treaties and AmericanIndian legal claims relating tothe seizure of their lands.

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E) The Spanish, supported bythe bonded labor of the localAmerican Indians, expandedtheir mission settlements intoCalifornia; these providedopportunities for social mobilityamong soldiers and led tonew cultural blending.

E. Details of Spanish Mission System / E. Effects of Spanish Mission System
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II. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged theUnited States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral tradingrights, and promote its economic interests.

A) The United Statesgovernment forgeddiplomatic initiativesaimed at dealing withthe continued Britishand Spanish presence inNorth America, as U.S.settlers migrated beyondthe Appalachians andsought freenavigation ofthe Mississippi River.

A. Diplomatic Initiatives with the British / A. Diplomatic Initiatives with the Spanish
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B) War between France andBritain resulting fromthe French Revolutionpresented challenges tothe United States overissues of free trade andforeign policy and fosteredpolitical disagreement.

B. Free Trade and Foreign Policy challenges for the U.S. from the French Rev…
With Britain… / With France…
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B. Effects of French Rev on politics & formation of political parties…
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C) George Washington’sFarewell Addressencouraged nationalunity, as he cautionedagainst political factionsand warned about thedanger of permanentforeign alliances.

Farewell Address details and ideas…
1. Encouraged National Unity; Washington FOR nationalism
2. Cautioned against political factions (aka parties); anti-political parties.
3. Warned against permanent foreign alliance; Washington opposed European entanglements
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