Electric Supplemental Material 3

Supplemental tables

Table S2. Summary of altitudinal effect (compared to low altitude) on characteristics of community structure (canopy height, LAI, aboveground biomass and species richness)

Leaf height / LAI / Stand biomass / Species richness
maximum / mean
intercept / 4.0 / (0.17)*** / 2.8 / (0.25)*** / 1.6 / (0.13)*** / 6.1 / (0.12)*** / 2.4 / (0.11)***
altitude:mid / 0.00 / (0.26) / -0.32 / (0.37) / -0.32 / (0.19) / -0.21 / (0.19) / 0.12 / (0.16)
altitude:high / -0.81 / (0.26)* / -0.93 / (0.37)* / -0.19 / (0.19) / -0.51 / (0.19)* / 0.12 / (0.16)

Estimates of coefficients are provided(standard error in parentheses) and 95% confidence intervals determined by Wald test. Bold values are significance at P<0.1; P<0.05, *; P<0.01, **; P<0.001, ***

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Table S3. Species composition and functional groups, leaf angles and frequencies for each species in three altitudes at Hakkoda

Species / Family name / Functional group / Low altitude / Middle altitude / High altitude
Evergreen/
Deciduous / Shrub/Herb / Leaf angle / Frequency / Leaf angle / Frequency / Leaf angle / Frequency
1 / Epipactis thunbergii / Orchidaceae / deciduous / herb / Y / 1
2 / Hemerocallis dumortieri / Liliaceae / deciduous / herb / X / 1
3 / Pogonia japonica / Orchidaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 2
4 / Triglochin palustris / Juncaginaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 1
5 / Betula alleghaniensis / Rutaceae / deciduous / shrub / Y / 1
6 / Larix kaempferi / Pinaceae / deciduous / shrub / Y / 1
7 / Myrica gale / Myricaceae / deciduous / shrub / Y / 4
8 / Andromeda polifolia / Ericaceae / evergreen / shrub / Y / 2
9 / Ilex crenata / Aquifoliaceae / evergreen / shrub / X,Y / 2
10 / Inula ciliaris / Asteraceae / deciduous / herb / X / 1
11 / Ixeridium dentatum / Asteraceae / deciduous / herb / Y / 1
12 / Malaxis paludosa / Orchidaceae / deciduous / herb / Y / 1
13 / Phragmites australis / Poaceae / deciduous / herb / Y,Z / 2 / Z / 1
14 / Rhynchospora alba / Cyperaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 1 / Z / 1
15 / Sanguisorba tenuifolia / Rosaceae / deciduous / herb / X,Y / 4 / X / 4
16 / Rhododendron molle / Ericaceae / deciduous / shrub / X / 2
17 / Aletris foliata / Liliaceae / deciduous / herb / Y / 1 / X / 2 / Y / 1
18 / Carex omian / Cyperaceae / deciduous / herb / Y / 1 / Y / 2 / Y / 3
19 / Drosera rotundifolia / Droseraceae / deciduous / herb / X,Y / 3 / X,Y,Z / 4 / Y,Z / 2
20 / Hosta sieboldii / Liliaceae / deciduous / herb / X,Z / 2 / Y / 2
21 / Moliniopsis Japonica / Poaceae / deciduous / herb / Y,Z / 4 / Y,Z / 4 / Y,Z / 4
22 / Narthecium asiaticum / Liliaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 2 / Z / 1 / Z / 3
23 / Parnassia palustris / Saxifragaceae / deciduous / herb / X,Y / 4 / X / 4
24 / Platanthera tipuloides / Orchidaceae / deciduous / herb / X / 2
25 / Rhynchospora yasudana / Cyperaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 2 / Z / 2 / Y,Z / 2
26 / Sieversia pentapetala / Rosaceae / deciduous / shrub / X,Y / 3 / X / 4
27 / Eriophorum vaginatum / Cyperaceae / evergreen / herb / Z / 1 / Y / 2 / Y,Z / 3
28 / Helonias orientalis / Liliaceae / evergreen / herb / X,Z / 3 / Y / 2 / Y / 2
29 / Vaccinium oxycoccos / Ericaceae / evergreen / shrub / X / 1 / X,Y / 4 / X / 4
30 / Hypericum senanense / Clusiaceae / deciduous / herb / X / 1
31 / Nephrophyllidium crista-galli / Menyanthaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 2 / Y / 1
32 / Solidago virgaurea / Asteraceae / deciduous / herb / Y / 1
33 / Carex blepharicarpa / Cyperaceae / evergreen / herb / X / 1 / Y / 1
34 / Coptis trifolia / Ranunculaceae / evergreen / herb / X / 1 / X / 3
35 / Schizocodon soldanelloides / Diapensiaceae / evergreen / herb / X / 1 / X / 2
36 / Lycopodium sitchense / Lycopodiaceae / evergreen / shrub / Y / 4
37 / Juncus fauriensis / Juncaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 1
38 / Scheuchzeria palustris / Scheuchzeriaceae / deciduous / herb / Z / 1
39 / Trientalis europaea / Primulaceae / deciduous / herb / X / 3
40 / Primula nipponica / Primulaceae / deciduous / herb / X,Y / 2
41 / Tilingia ajanensis / Apiaceae / deciduous / herb / X / 1
42 / Pinus pumila / Pinaceae / evergreen / shrub / Y / 1

In leaf angle classes, X, Y and Z denote 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90, respectively, and leaf angle can be more than one class because it is different depend on quadrat. Frequencies of species occurrence are denoted as the number of quadrat where the species occurred (+ means just observed without appearing in the study quadrat). Only in low altitude, the frequency of “4” means more than 4 quadrats

Table S4.Summary ofaltitudes and functional types effects on species composition, the probability of species occurrence in a quadrat and aboveground vegetative biomass per unit ground area (gm-2).

Occurrence / Aboveground vegetative mass
Predictor variable / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975 / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975
intercept / -1.576 / 0.431 / -2.494 / -0.824 / -0.685 / 0.524 / -1.769 / 0.314
altitude:mid / 1.035 / 0.544 / -0.014 / 2.090 / 0.726 / 0.708 / -0.736 / 2.080
altitude:high / 0.382 / 0.585 / -0.716 / 1.576 / 1.182 / 0.740 / -0.260 / 2.642
angle:Y / 0.998 / 0.605 / -0.149 / 2.252 / 1.497 / 0.742 / 0.119 / 2.980
angle:Z / 0.659 / 0.594 / -0.427 / 1.830 / 3.929 / 0.699 / 2.594 / 5.301
evergreen / -1.122 / 0.497 / -2.181 / -0.175 / 0.801 / 0.766 / -0.790 / 2.238
shrub / 0.878 / 0.510 / -0.133 / 1.855 / 1.736 / 0.648 / 0.428 / 3.008
altitude:mid * angle:Y / -1.882 / 0.925 / -3.688 / -0.132 / 0.601 / 1.142 / -1.776 / 2.712
altitude:mid * angle:Z / -0.853 / 0.814 / -2.442 / 0.726 / -0.883 / 1.005 / -2.930 / 1.012
altitude:mid * evergreen / 0.936 / 0.685 / -0.429 / 2.311 / -0.443 / 1.080 / -2.467 / 1.778
altitude:mid * shrub / -0.963 / 0.743 / -2.373 / 0.479 / -0.422 / 1.065 / -2.500 / 1.763
altitude:high * angle:Y / -1.068 / 0.907 / -2.819 / 0.660 / -0.787 / 0.960 / -2.751 / 0.958
altitude:high * angle:Z / -0.521 / 0.862 / -2.227 / 1.051 / -1.165 / 0.988 / -3.109 / 0.799
altitude:high * evergreen / 2.517 / 0.688 / 1.121 / 3.864 / -0.524 / 0.939 / -2.364 / 1.335
altitude:high * shrub / -1.329 / 0.740 / -2.793 / 0.193 / -0.158 / 0.928 / -1.954 / 1.666

Predictor variables, means, standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals where bold variables not including zero indicate significant predictors are indicated. Altitude is described as an effect of ‘middle’ and ‘high’ altitude compared with low altitude. Functional types are described as an effect of ‘evergreen’ compared with deciduous species, ‘shrub’ compared with herbs and species with leaf angle ‘Y’ and ‘Z (vertical)’ compared with X (horizontal)

Table S5. Summary of multiple linear regression analysis in each parameter related with light competition (Φmass, Φarea, LAR, LMR, SLA and Mean leaf height).

Φmass / Φarea / LAR / LMR / SLA / Mean leaf height
Predictor variable / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975 / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975 / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975 / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975 / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975 / Mean / SD / 0.025 / 0.975
intercept / -2.482 / 0.271 / -3.026 / -1.972 / 1.670 / 0.298 / 1.053 / 2.231 / -4.530 / 0.754 / -6.611 / -3.663 / -0.345 / 0.091 / -0.530 / -0.164 / -3.964 / 0.447 / -5.031 / -3.292 / 1.574 / 0.218 / 1.154 / 1.995
altitude:mid / 0.482 / 0.367 / -0.216 / 1.215 / 0.318 / 0.406 / -0.478 / 1.122 / -0.032 / 0.937 / -1.662 / 2.369 / -0.078 / 0.125 / -0.328 / 0.175 / -0.155 / 0.547 / -1.206 / 1.083 / -0.098 / 0.314 / -0.729 / 0.512
altitude:high / 0.208 / 0.392 / -0.568 / 0.988 / -0.206 / 0.432 / -1.040 / 0.665 / 0.551 / 0.856 / -0.646 / 2.874 / 0.101 / 0.134 / -0.147 / 0.357 / 0.287 / 0.566 / -0.701 / 1.705 / -0.442 / 0.331 / -1.087 / 0.195
angle:Y / 0.271 / 0.237 / -0.182 / 0.738 / 0.214 / 0.274 / -0.310 / 0.789 / 0.365 / 0.775 / -0.570 / 2.606 / -0.098 / 0.100 / -0.287 / 0.099 / 0.120 / 0.465 / -0.623 / 1.228 / 0.617 / 0.218 / 0.165 / 1.060
angle:Z / 0.505 / 0.223 / 0.083 / 0.930 / 0.635 / 0.274 / 0.087 / 1.152 / 0.219 / 0.760 / -0.643 / 2.380 / 0.099 / 0.096 / -0.100 / 0.289 / -0.022 / 0.450 / -0.713 / 1.042 / 0.883 / 0.240 / 0.422 / 1.355
evergreen / -1.116 / 0.199 / -1.519 / -0.718 / -1.178 / 0.260 / -1.697 / -0.662 / 0.057 / 0.306 / -0.553 / 0.623 / 0.294 / 0.099 / 0.089 / 0.479 / -0.356 / 0.227 / -0.812 / -0.007 / -0.515 / 0.253 / -1.041 / -0.041
shrub / -0.187 / 0.202 / -0.564 / 0.209 / 0.798 / 0.252 / 0.318 / 1.318 / -1.063 / 0.283 / -1.628 / -0.520 / -0.498 / 0.102 / -0.689 / -0.289 / -0.259 / 0.173 / -0.608 / 0.085 / 0.624 / 0.234 / 0.180 / 1.096
altitude:mid * angle:Y / -0.148 / 0.295 / -0.743 / 0.406 / 0.019 / 0.372 / -0.710 / 0.734 / -0.056 / 0.962 / -2.453 / 1.536 / 0.160 / 0.139 / -0.106 / 0.422 / 0.169 / 0.574 / -1.109 / 1.228 / -0.093 / 0.323 / -0.702 / 0.544
altitude:mid * angle:Z / -0.594 / 0.294 / -1.136 / 0.018 / -0.413 / 0.380 / -1.108 / 0.347 / 0.135 / 0.955 / -2.357 / 1.856 / -0.150 / 0.139 / -0.433 / 0.127 / 0.385 / 0.547 / -0.823 / 1.410 / 0.067 / 0.342 / -0.606 / 0.730
altitude:mid * evergreen / 0.815 / 0.286 / 0.236 / 1.365 / 1.147 / 0.371 / 0.425 / 1.854 / -0.459 / 0.457 / -1.392 / 0.417 / -0.086 / 0.139 / -0.352 / 0.194 / -0.513 / 0.486 / -1.500 / 0.224 / 0.644 / 0.363 / -0.069 / 1.366
altitude:mid * shrub / -0.818 / 0.298 / -1.420 / -0.248 / -1.327 / 0.386 / -2.046 / -0.565 / 0.739 / 0.400 / -0.108 / 1.520 / 0.273 / 0.154 / -0.028 / 0.594 / -0.123 / 0.265 / -0.676 / 0.379 / -1.105 / 0.364 / -1.785 / -0.397
altitude:high * angle:Y / 0.194 / 0.315 / -0.394 / 0.810 / 0.381 / 0.378 / -0.352 / 1.124 / -0.289 / 0.879 / -2.780 / 1.024 / 0.163 / 0.136 / -0.096 / 0.416 / -0.111 / 0.573 / -1.494 / 0.853 / -0.234 / 0.316 / -0.853 / 0.415
altitude:high * angle:Z / 0.096 / 0.322 / -0.535 / 0.752 / 0.044 / 0.409 / -0.726 / 0.869 / -0.148 / 0.867 / -2.512 / 1.072 / 0.003 / 0.146 / -0.266 / 0.300 / -0.048 / 0.572 / -1.406 / 0.960 / -0.247 / 0.366 / -0.964 / 0.480
altitude:high * evergreen / 0.543 / 0.248 / 0.086 / 1.015 / 1.013 / 0.325 / 0.423 / 1.674 / -0.471 / 0.378 / -1.206 / 0.281 / -0.203 / 0.121 / -0.433 / 0.032 / -0.091 / 0.273 / -0.630 / 0.439 / 0.582 / 0.316 / 0.006 / 1.200
altitude:high * shrub / -0.248 / 0.306 / -0.886 / 0.335 / -0.534 / 0.394 / -1.307 / 0.224 / 0.474 / 0.487 / -0.482 / 1.446 / 0.297 / 0.144 / -0.024 / 0.568 / -0.186 / 0.376 / -0.896 / 0.579 / -0.470 / 0.356 / -1.205 / 0.212

Predictor variables, means, standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals where bold variables not including zero indicate significant predictors are indicated. Altitude is described as an effect of ‘middle’ and ‘high’ altitude compared with low altitude. Functional types are described as an effect of ‘evergreen’ compared with deciduous species, ‘shrubs’ compared with herbs and species with leaf angle ‘Y’ and ‘Z (vertical)’ compared with X (horizontal)

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