Considering the Volumetric Strains Due To

Plane Strain

Each strain is acting independent of one another

Due to normal strain xDue to normal strain y

x =

Due to shear strain

General Equations of Plane Strain Transformation

Sign Conventions

(1)Normal strains are + ve, if they cause elongations along x and y axes, respectivelty.

(2)Normal strains are - ve, if they cause shortening along x and y axes, respectively

(3)Shear strains are + ve, if the interior angle AOB becomes less than 900.

(4)Shear strains are – ve, if the interior angle AOB becomes greater than 900.

From the figure

Problem

Using the above orientations of axes, determine the strains along xoy axes due to , defined w.r.t. xoy axes.

Effect of normal strain x, along x axis

Effect of normal strainy, along x axis

Effect of shear strain xy, along x - axis

[Assume that dx remains fixed in position, and the shear strain xy is represented by the change in angle of dy]

+du1

(I)

+dv1

=  (the angle of shear distortion along x axis)

By rotating the angle through 900, in the clockwise direction, the rotation  of elemental length dy can be obtained.

(-) = rotation of the right angle xoy

(II)

From Equation I,

(III)

From Equation II,

(IV)

can be obtained by introducing (90+) for  in

To find the principle strain

i.e.,

Similarity Between Stress and StrainTransformation Equations

Stresses at a pointStrains at a point

Principle StressesPrinciple Strains

for p1,

Maximum in-plane shear stress

Principal stress plane and maximum shear stress planes are inclined at 450.

Consequently,

twice the values of these

angles will be inclined at 900.

As a result

Maximum in-plane Shear Strain

Principal strain plane and maximum (in-plane) shear stress planes are inclined at 450 to one another.

Consequently, twice the values of these angles will be inclined at 900.

As a result

Mohr’s Circle

For Plane StressFor Plane Strain

Material Property Relationships

When only shear stresses are acting

i.e.,

i.e.,(A)

When a body is subjected to normal stresses the body under goes only change in volume.

Volume change =

(volume change)/unit volume =

p/e = bulk modulus = K =

Theories of Failure

In the design of structural members, it becomes important to place an upper limit on the state of stress that defines the material's failure.

Ductile MaterialsBrittle Materials

StressStress

 Y - Yield stress (steel)

 ult – Ultimate stress ult – Ultimate stress

-Not used since strain is very

high at this stress level

 0.1% Proof stress

(stress at o.1% elongation)

(Aluminum)

StrainStrain

 y – Yield strain (0.15 to 0.2  ult – Ultimate strain (0.2% to

for mild steel) 0.3% for CAST IRON)

 ult – Ultimate strain (20 to 25%

for mild steel)

The material behaviour – either ductile or brittle – does not remain a constant one for any material. It is dependent on:

Temperature

Rate of loading

Chemical environment

Forming/shaping methods

In order to apply the theories of failure:

(i)The state of stress in a structure, at a point where the maximum stresses are expected - - are determined first.

(ii)Thereafter, the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses are determined -

Failure Theories

For ductile materialsFor brittle materials

1. Maximum shear stress theory1. Maximum normal stress theory

Proposed by Tresca

2. Maximum distortion energy2. Mohr’s failure criterion

theory – Proposed first by Huber- Proposed by Otto Mohr

and refined later by Von Mises and

Hencky

-Huber–Mises–Hencky theory

Maximum Shear Stress Theory

“Failure (by yielding) will occur in a material (at a point) when the maximum shear stress in the material is equal to the maximum shear stress that will occur when the material is subjected to an axial tensile test’.

P = (Y) A

For a two-dimensional stress system,

(I)

Under simple tension test,

(II)

Using in Eqn. I

Governing criteria(III)

Considering a three-dimensional element (with two-dimensional stress state)

Arranging the stresses in the order of decreasing magnitudes,

(i)Case (a):

Hence

Failure will occur first in the plane.

i.e., (IV)

Failure in shear will occur, when the maximum principal stress is equal to Y.

(ii)Case (b):

V (a)

Failure will occur in the plane containing stresses

Generalizing this for a plane-stress failure wherein act along x-y axes and 3 acts along z-axis, (zero stress), one can rewrite Equation (V (a)) as

V (b)

Failure envelope or Yield loci

Maximum Distortion Energy Theory

“ Failure (by yielding) will occur when the shear or distortion energy in the material (at a point) reaches the equivalent value that will occur when a material is subjected to uniaxial tensile test”.

Let us say that the principal stresses in an element, at a point, is given by

Total strain energy stored in the given system = Total volumetric strain energy + Total distortion strain energy

ut= uv+ ud(VI)

(VII)

Also

= 0 (VIII)

Using the earlier stress-strain relationships

Considering the volumetric strains due to

= 0(IX) [Since according to Eqn. (VIII)]

Equation (IX) states that no volumetric change occurs in the material due to the stresses (but it does produce a change of shape). Due to the three stresses ,

(Total strain energy)

Hence strain energy per unit volume

Considering only [the mean stresses and strains due to () and ()],

(X)

Considering the normal (or principal) stresses and strains,

(XI)

Since ,

(XII)

When the specimen is under uniaxial tension,

From eqn. (XII),

(XIII)

For a general state of stress,

=(XIV)

From Eqns. (XIII) and (XIV), equating the distortional energies due to an uniaxial state of stress and that due to a multiaxial state of stresses,

(XV)

For a two-dimensional state of stresses,

Hence equation reduce to

i.e., (XVI)

This is an equation to an inclined ellipse.

Plot of Eqn. (XVI) gives the failure envelope or yield loci for a system subjected to a two-dimensional state of stress.

Brittle Materials

Applicable to cast iron that tends to fail suddenly by fracture, without any warning.

Maximum normal stress Theory:

In a tension (or compression) test, brittle fracture occurs when the normal stress reaches the ultimate stress ult.

In a torsion test, brittle fracture occurs due to a maximum tensile stress (in a plane 450 to the shear direction) when it reaches the ultimate stress ult.

Failure criteria or failure loci:

Statement

When the maximum principal stress in the material reaches a limiting value that is equal to the ultimate normal stress the material can sustain, failure by fracture occurs.

-Eg. Chalk: under tension, under bending and under torsion.

Mohr’s Failure Criterion

For materials (brittle) that have different fracture properties in tension and compression, this criterion holds good.

-Specially for metals

-For nonmetals like concrete (Rock, concrete, soils) another theory is applicable (we will briefly deal with this later)

Three tests done to determine failure criteria –

- Tension test that gives (ult)t

-Compression test that gives (ult)c

-Torsion test that gives ult

Mohr’s circle for each test

Mohr’s failure criteria

Failure occurs when the absolute value of either one of the principal stresses reaches a value greater than (ult)t or (ult)c or in general, if the stress at a point is defined by the stress coordinate (1, 2), which is plotted on the boundary or outside the shaded area.