Chapter 10 Section 1
Jefferson wanted to make the government more democratic, which means ensuring that all people have the same rights.
•He made his inauguration a low-key affair instead of a fancy one.
•He preferred quiet dinners to formal parties.
•To show that the President was an ordinary citizen, he wore casual clothes and greeted people by shaking hands instead of bowing.
•He promised that although his party, the Republicans, were in the majority, he would not treat the Federalists harshly. In his inaugural address, he said, “The minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect.”
•Jefferson believed that one way to lessen government power was to reduce the federal budget.
•Jefferson believed in the economic idea known as laissez faire, a policy in which the government plays as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
•Instead the economy relies on a free market where goods and services are exchanged with little regulation.
•Copy page 303-“Goals & Policies of Jefferson”
•John Adams had appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall was a Federalist.
•Marshall found the courts to be weaker than other branches of government.
•When William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison, the case came before the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 said the Supreme Court could decide cases against federal officials.
•In the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison,Marshall wrote that the Constitution didn’t give the Supreme Court the right to hear such a case, and Congress could not give it the right. Therefore, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
•The decision in Marbury v. Madison set a precedent. It gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review—the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws that it considered unconstitutional.
Section 2
•Farmers west of the Appalachians shipped their crops on the Mississippi to New Orleans. From there, ships carried the produce to Atlantic ports.
•Spain controlled New Orleans. Sometimes they threatened to close the port. In the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans.
•In 1800 Spain gave Louisiana back to France. Napoleon wanted to grow food in Louisiana.
•Events in Haiti, a French colony in the Caribbean, ruined his plans. Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted and declared their independence.
•To gain control of Louisiana, Jefferson decided to buy Louisiana.
•Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to buy New Orleans and West Florida from Napoleon.
•Livingston and Monroe met with the French foreign minister. After some time, he asked them if they would like to buy all of Louisiana.
•Surprised, Livingston at first offered $4 million. Eventually, he and Monroe agreed to $15 million.
•No one was sure the purchase was constitutional. In the end, Jefferson decided that he did have the authority to buy Louisiana. The Senate approved the treaty, and the Louisiana Purchase went into effect.
Purpose of the expedition, or long journey of exploration
•to map a route across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean
•to study the territory’s geography—land, climate, plants, and animals
•to learn about the Indian nations who lived there
The journey
•Lewis and Clark left from St. Louis and crossed the plains by way of the Missouri River. Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, and her husband agreed to accompany the party as translators.
•The Shoshones showed Lewis and Clark the best route over the Rockies. Lewis and Clark crossed the Continental Divide, the high mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of the continent.
•The party built canoes and floated down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
•The return trip back to St. Louis took another year.
Purpose of the journey was
•to explore the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River, and parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico.
The journey
•From Colorado and New Mexico, Pike entered Spanish territory. Spanish troops arrested Pike and his men and took them into Mexico.
•The party was later escorted through Texas back to the United States.
Section 3
Benefits
•Yankee traders built up a profitable trade, for example, trade with India, with China, and in the Pacific Northwest
Risks
•One great risk was pirates. Pirates from the Barbary States on the north coast of North Africa attacked vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. To protect American ships, the rulers of those states demanded a yearly tribute, or bribe.
•When Jefferson refused to pay, one of the Barbary States, Tripoli, declared war on the United States. Jefferson blockaded the port of Tripoli. American marines launched a surprise attack. The ruler of Tripoli agreed not to interfere with American ships.
•Britain and France went to war again in 1803.
•American merchants traded with both sides.
•Neither side wanted Americans to trade with the other side. The French seized American ships bound for England. The British seized American ships bound for France.
•The British also stepped up impressment, the practice of forcing people into service. They seized young men from English villages and both English and American-born sailors from American ships.
•Angry Americans called for war.
•Hoping to hurt France and Britain by cutting off supplies, Jefferson proposed an embargo, or ban on trade.
•He persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act, which hurt Britain and France but hurt Americans even more.
•Merchants protested against the embargo. Some turned to smuggling, importing or exporting goods in violation of trade laws.
•Jefferson used troops to enforce the embargo.
•Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had failed.
•Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Nonintercourse Act, which said Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Section 4
•Between 1790 and 1810, 900,000 settlers moved west of the Appalachians. They built farms on Indian lands and hunted animals the Indians needed for food.
•Settlers ignored treaties that the United States government had signed with Indian nations.
•Fighting often broke out between Native Americans and settlers. In 1791 Indians drove settlers from Ohio.
•American forces under General Anthony Wayne defeated the Miamis and other Indian nations at Fallen Timbers, in present-day Ohio.
•In 1795, the Miamis and other Indian nations signed the Treaty of Greenville, in which they gave up land that would later become part of Ohio. In return, they received $20,000 and the promise of more money if they kept the peace.
What Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, believed
•They could keep settlers from taking more Indian land.
•By returning to the old ways, Indians could gain the power to resist white invaders.
What the Prophet did
•Built a village for his followers along Tippecanoe Creek in IndianaTerritory.
What Tecumseh did
•Worked to organize Indian nations between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains into a confederation, or league.
•Called for unity against the settlers.
What the United States did
•Troops under Governor William Henry Harrison marched against Prophetstown. The Prophet led a surprise attack on Harrison’s troops. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, both sides suffered heavy losses. Harrison’s troops defeated the Prophet’s forces.
•The British were supplying guns and ammunition to Native Americans on the frontier. They encouraged Indians to attack settlements.
•President Madison said that if either the British or French would stop seizing American ships, the United States would stop trading the other nation. France agreed to stop, so the United States traded with France but not with Britain.
•The War Hawks were members of Congress from the South and the West who called for war. They were stirred by nationalism, or devotion to one’s country. They said Britain was treating the United States as if it were a British colony.
•One War Hawk, Henry Clay, hoped that in a war the United States could conquer Canada.
•Other War Hawks said that in a war with Britain, the United States could seize Florida from Britain’s ally, Spain.
•To cut off American trade with France, British warships blockaded American ports. Finally in June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain.
Section 5
•The United States Navy had only 16 ships. The British had a huge fleet.
•The United States Army was small and ill equipped. Many officers knew little about warfare.
•The government relied on volunteers, who were poorly trained and had little experience in battle. Many deserted.
•The British blockade hurt New England’s sea trade.
•New Englanders feared that the United States might win land in Florida and Canada, which would become new states. That would make the South and the West more influential than New England.
•Delegates from New England states met at the Hartford Convention, in Hartford, Connecticut. They threatened to leave the Union if the war continued.
•While the Hartford Convention was still meeting, news of a peace treaty arrived.
•The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. It was named after the city in Belgium where it was signed. In the treaty, Britain and the United States agreed to go back to the way things were before the war.