HUMANITIES 8 FINAL EXAM (100 marks)

1. Grammar (30 marks)

complete sentence - has both a subject and predicate

·  subject - the "who" or "what" of the sentence that is doing something or being something.

·  predicate - describes what the subject of the sentence is doing

·  examples - My name is Harry; I walked my dog.

·  imperative sentences - Run! Jump! (The you is implied.)

fragment - incomplete sentence; missing a subject, predicate, or both (e.g "Yesterday I" or "walked" or "going to the store").

run-on - a sentence that goes on too long; you usually need to add a semicolon between two independent clauses OR break it up into 2 sentences.

  • examples: I love Mr. Vallis' class, it's so much fun.

◦  Why is this a run-on? There are 2 independent clauses.

▪  independent clause = complete sentence

◦  How do we fix this run-on?

1.  I love Mr. Vallis' class. It's so much fun. (Break it up into 2 separate sentences.)

2.  I love Mr. Vallis' class, because it's so much fun. (Link the 2 independent clauses with a conjunction, such as because or so.)

3.  I love Mr. Vallis' class; therefore, it's so much fun. (Link the 2 independent clauses with a heavy connective, such as therefore, moreover, however, furthermore, etc.)

Connective sentences - sentences that use conjunctions (e.g. and, because, so, or, etc) OR sentences that use heavy connectives (e.g. therefore, however, furthermore, etc.)

Transition words - Although, But, Then, Nevertheless, Next, First, Afterwards, etc.); transition words are essential for guiding your reader.

Parts of speech

  • noun - person, place or thing.

◦  N.B. Proper nouns are capitalized (e.g. Ms. Braun, Vancouver, Canada, Rogers Place)

  • verb - action word (e.g. run, jump, was thinking, swam, etc.)
  • adverb - describes a verb or another adverb; most adverbs end in -ly (e.g. quickly, slowly, terribly)

◦  exception to the rule - well (e.g. "I did well on the test".)

  • adjective - describes a noun (e.g. beautiful, smart, awesome, talented, etc)
  • pronoun - noun that replaces another noun; can show possession (e.g. my, mine, hers, she, we, their, etc.)
  • conjunction - a word that links or connects independent clauses or phrases (e.g. because, or, so, but, and, etc.)
  • preposition - a word that shows position(e.g. under, next to, above, on top of, etc.)

Comparative sentences

Cause/effect

2. Non-fiction (5 marks) - answer questions about a non-fiction article.

  • 5 W’s - who, what, when, where, why
  • Main idea - main message
  • supporting details - details and examples that support the main idea.

3. Poetry (5 marks) - review poetic devices (or literary devices)

simile - a comparison using "like" or "as"

e.g. "I was sweating like a pig."OR "I ran as fast as a cheetah."

metaphor - a comparison between two objects/people/ideas NOT using like or as.

e.g. "He was a cheetah on the court."

onomatopoeia - word that matches its definition or sound

e.g. "Pow!" or "Bam!"

hyperbole - exaggeration for effect

e.g. "I am so hungry I could eat a horse."

alliteration - repetition of the first consonant in a series of words in a line.

e.g. "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

oxymoron - a figure of speech in which opposite words are used for effect.

e.g. "I had some jumbo shrimp for dinner last night."

assonance - repetition of the internal vowel sounds (inside the word).

e.g. "A case with a lace hit my face."

4. Short Stories (20 marks)

Character - know the different types of characters.

  • antagonist - the person or force that opposes the pro
  • protagonist - main character in the story
  • dynamic character - a character who changes from the beginning0 to the end of the story.
  • static character - a character who does not really change
  • flat character - a character without many characteristics; a stereotypical character often.

·  round character - a character with many characteristics; a life-like character; complex.

Conflict - a problem in the story

  • person vs. person - somebody having a problem with another character.
  • person vs. self - an internal conflict

·  person vs. environment

◦  person vs. society - person against a lot of people

◦  person vs. nature - person against natural disasters, weather, and/or animals

·  person vs. the supernatural - person against ghosts, aliens, zombies, demons, etc.

Setting - includes location (place), time, mood/atmosphere

Theme - a message of a story; can be more than one theme.

  • examples: "Never give up."; "Friendship is important."; "It's important to accept and forgive ourselves."

Plot - main events in the story.

  • introduction - characters and setting are introduced.
  • initiating event - the event that starts the conflict.

·  main events

·  climax - the most exciting part or turning point in the story.

·  resolution (dénouement) - conflict is resolved.

  • symbolism - the use of people, objects, actions, etc to represent ideas.

◦  In The Lottery, the 3-fingered salute symbolizes Shadow Council. The scroll symbolizes the winner of the lottery.

5.  History(30 marks)

  • Chapter 1 Roman Empire
  • Chapter 10 Feudal Europe & Japan
  • Chapter 11 Medieval Europe

·  Chapter 12 Renaissance

6.  Graphing/maps (10 marks)

  • latitude/special parallels: Equator (0°)Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) , Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S), Arctic Circle (66.5°N), Antarctic Circle (66.5°S).

·  longitude: Prime Meridian (near London, England); label longitude East and West (e.g. 66°W, 23°E)

·  4 hemispheres: North, South, East, and West; the center is 0°, 0° (just off the coast of eastern Africa.)

·  Be able to identify coordinates/location.

  • identifying countries on Map of Europe - review the major countries and cities of importance during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
  • Hint: the map will relate to some area and era of history, whether the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, etc.
  • Examples: Rome, Italy; Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; Jerusalem, Israel; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; etc.
  • Know major bodies of water as reference points (e.g. the different oceans, seas, etc.)

·  weather/climate graphs: