Chapter 11 WWI
11.1
WWI Begins
Causes of WWI
-Nationalism- a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation over another nation (This leads to competing nations)
-Imperialism- countries wanting to extend their power economically and politically over a smaller country for it raw materials
-Militarism- The development of armed forces and their use as tool of diplomacy
-Alliance System- Siding with certain countries for defensive purpose
-The Triple Entente-France, Britain, and Russia
- The Triple Alliance- Germany-AustriaHungary, Italy, and Ottoman Turks (Central Powers)
Assassination Leads to war
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungarian heir) is assassinated by Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip
Germany launches Schlieffen plan – Germany attacks Belgium then France while fighting the Russians on the eastern front.
The war itself becomes a stalemate with both sides dug into trenches.
No Man’s Land- It is an area between both trenches that neither side is able to capture because they are so well fortified.
Americans have divided loyalties because of their ethnic backgrounds.
The British blockade the German coast line and the German U-boats begin sinking merchant vessel ships including the British liner Lusitania.
What provokes America to chose sides is the Zimmerman Note. (It tries to get Mexico to start war with the US while being on the side of Germany.
Congress acts to Declare War on Germany and it’s allies in early April 1917.
11.2America Tips the Power
-Eddie Rickenbacker is one the first American heroes part of the US army air service and war hero. He fought the German flying circus know as the Red Baron led Manfred von ---Richthofen.
America Mobilizes
-Only 200,000 in the army, US was not ready for war.
-The Selective service act in 1917 drafted men into the army.
-Approxiamately 2 million men went to Europe to fight.
-400,000 african American were involved
-13,000 women in non-combat positions
-Mass Production: US mobilizes resources to convert a domestic economy into a war time economy.
America Turns the Tide:
-The convoy system helps get merchant ships and cargo to the war in Europe,
Fighting over There:
-American Expeditionary Force led By General JOHN J PERSING
-Doughboys: American were referred to as doughboys because of the uniforms and white belts.
New WEAPONS:
-Tanks, Airplanes, Machine Guns, gas and diesel engines, flame thrower, poison gas,
New Hazards:
-Horrific injuries, trench foot, shell shock
America goes on the offensive:
Major Allied Victories:
Third battle of Ypres 1917
Cantigny 1918
Chateau Thierry 1918
2ndBattle of the Marne Turning point of WWI
Muesse Argonne- leads to the end of the war
Alvin York: War hero Conscientious objector, moral opposes the war but still fights.
Collapse of Germany
Troops for Germany and Austria Hungary either quit or mutiny
Nov. 3 1918 Austria-Hungary surrenders
Nov. 11. 1918 Germany surrenders signs cease-fire and armistice
Final toll of war:
22 million killed
Total Cost $338 billion
48000 men died
62000 died from disease
Chapter 11. Section 3
The War at Home
Congress gives control of economy to Wilson
War Industries Board Created: Bernard M. Baruch
Applied price controls
Rationing of resources: gas/oil/rubber/ lightless nights
Daylight savings time
Food Administration
Gospel of the Clean Plate
Ration foods: one day a week meatless, another day sweetless, two days wheatless, and another porkless.
People planted victory gardens
Selling the War
Income Tax
Victory loan Bonds
Committee on Public Information: George Creel
First Propaganda Agency:
Anti- Immigrant Hysteria
Alien and Sedition Act: Could be jailed or fined or both for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abuse words against the government
The Great Migration: African Americans move northeast for manufacturing jobs.
Women in the role temporarily take mens jobs who are fighting in WWI
Flu Epidemic: 1918 kills eventually 30 million people worldwide
Schenk V. US: stated under war time conditions, the leaflets or words were not protected by the first amendment.
11. 4 Wilson Fights for Peace:
Wilson’s fourteen points: no secret treaties, freedom of the sees, tariffs should be lowered, arms should be reduced, colonial powers consider interests of people and League of Nations.
Allies reject Wilson’s Plan
UK: David Lloyd George
France: George Clemanceau
Italy: Vittorio Orlando
Big Four including the US
Treaty of Versailles:
-Creates Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and shifts boundaries of other countries.
-France and Britian create new countries out of the Ottoman Empire
-Barred Germany from an Army
-Germany pay war reparations of $33 billion and return Alsace Lorainne to France.
Treaties Weakness:
War-Guilt Clause= Blamed Germany for entire war and punished them the greatest.
US congress does not pass Wilson’s treaty, they will eventually sign a separately with the nations/ Germany in 1921.
Henry Cabot Lodge and others were suspicious about Wilson’s Treaty
Legacy of War:
Warren G. Harding: Return to Normalcy
Hunch back of Notre Dame, Frankenstein due to the horrors of War